diff --git a/.gitea/workflows/ci.yml b/.gitea/workflows/ci.yml
index 47794ca..27e95eb 100644
--- a/.gitea/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.gitea/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -26,11 +26,7 @@ jobs:
   lint:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
-        with:
-          node-version: "20"
-          cache: npm
+      - uses: actions/checkout@34e114876b0b11c390a56381ad16ebd13914f8d5
       - run: npm ci
       - name: ESLint
         run: npx eslint .
@@ -40,8 +36,8 @@ jobs:
   test:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@34e114876b0b11c390a56381ad16ebd13914f8d5
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@49933ea5288caeca8642d1e84afbd3f7d6820020
         with:
           node-version: "20"
           cache: npm
@@ -52,8 +48,8 @@ jobs:
   audit:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@34e114876b0b11c390a56381ad16ebd13914f8d5
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@49933ea5288caeca8642d1e84afbd3f7d6820020
         with:
           node-version: "20"
           cache: npm
@@ -64,8 +60,8 @@ jobs:
   e2e:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@34e114876b0b11c390a56381ad16ebd13914f8d5
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@49933ea5288caeca8642d1e84afbd3f7d6820020
         with:
           node-version: "20"
           cache: npm
@@ -77,8 +73,8 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     needs: [test]
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@34e114876b0b11c390a56381ad16ebd13914f8d5
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@49933ea5288caeca8642d1e84afbd3f7d6820020
         with:
           node-version: "20"
           cache: npm
@@ -106,7 +102,7 @@ jobs:
       calver_tag: ${{ steps.calver.outputs.version }}
       sha_tag: sha-${{ github.sha }}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@34e114876b0b11c390a56381ad16ebd13914f8d5
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
@@ -160,8 +156,8 @@ jobs:
           tags: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }}
           labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
           target: prod
-          cache-from: type=gha
-          cache-to: type=gha,mode=max
+          cache-from: type=inline
+          cache-to: type=inline,mode=max
 
       - name: Scan frontend image for vulnerabilities
         uses: anchore/scan-action@v5
@@ -186,7 +182,7 @@ jobs:
           tags: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }}
           labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
           target: prod
-          cache-from: type=gha
+          cache-from: type=inline
 
       - name: Create git tag
         if: github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
@@ -202,7 +198,7 @@ jobs:
       calver_tag: ${{ steps.calver.outputs.version }}
       sha_tag: sha-${{ github.sha }}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@34e114876b0b11c390a56381ad16ebd13914f8d5
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
@@ -252,8 +248,8 @@ jobs:
           labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
           build-args: |
             APT_CACHE_BUST=${{ github.run_id }}
-          cache-from: type=gha
-          cache-to: type=gha,mode=max
+          cache-from: type=inline
+          cache-to: type=inline,mode=max
 
       - name: Scan receiptwitness image for vulnerabilities
         uses: anchore/scan-action@v5
@@ -280,7 +276,7 @@ jobs:
           labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
           build-args: |
             APT_CACHE_BUST=${{ github.run_id }}
-          cache-from: type=gha
+          cache-from: type=inline
 
   build-and-push-api:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -290,7 +286,7 @@ jobs:
       calver_tag: ${{ steps.calver.outputs.version }}
       sha_tag: sha-${{ github.sha }}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@34e114876b0b11c390a56381ad16ebd13914f8d5
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
@@ -340,8 +336,8 @@ jobs:
           labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
           build-args: |
             APT_CACHE_BUST=${{ github.run_id }}
-          cache-from: type=gha
-          cache-to: type=gha,mode=max
+          cache-from: type=inline
+          cache-to: type=inline,mode=max
 
       - name: Scan api image for vulnerabilities
         uses: anchore/scan-action@v5
@@ -368,7 +364,7 @@ jobs:
           labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
           build-args: |
             APT_CACHE_BUST=${{ github.run_id }}
-          cache-from: type=gha
+          cache-from: type=inline
 
   build-and-push-auth:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -378,7 +374,7 @@ jobs:
       calver_tag: ${{ steps.calver.outputs.version }}
       sha_tag: sha-${{ github.sha }}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@34e114876b0b11c390a56381ad16ebd13914f8d5
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
@@ -428,8 +424,8 @@ jobs:
           labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
           build-args: |
             APT_CACHE_BUST=${{ github.run_id }}
-          cache-from: type=gha
-          cache-to: type=gha,mode=max
+          cache-from: type=inline
+          cache-to: type=inline,mode=max
 
       - name: Scan auth image for vulnerabilities
         uses: anchore/scan-action@v5
@@ -456,7 +452,7 @@ jobs:
           labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
           build-args: |
             APT_CACHE_BUST=${{ github.run_id }}
-          cache-from: type=gha
+          cache-from: type=inline
 
   deploy-dev:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -464,7 +460,7 @@ jobs:
     if: always() && !cancelled() && github.event_name == 'push' && (github.ref == 'refs/heads/dev' || github.ref == 'refs/heads/main')
     steps:
       - name: Checkout infra repo
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@34e114876b0b11c390a56381ad16ebd13914f8d5
         with:
           repository: cartsnitch/infra
           token: ${{ secrets.CI_GITEA_TOKEN }}
@@ -475,7 +471,16 @@ jobs:
         uses: azure/setup-kubectl@v4
 
       - name: Install kustomize
-        uses: imranismail/setup-kustomize@v2
+        # imranismail/setup-kustomize@v2 calls the Gitea API to record
+        # telemetry under the "kubernetes-sigs" user, which doesn't exist
+        # on this Gitea instance. Install the binary directly instead.
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          version="5.4.3"
+          url="https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kustomize/releases/download/kustomize%2Fv${version}/kustomize_v${version}_linux_amd64.tar.gz"
+          curl -fsSL --retry 3 "$url" | tar -xz -C /tmp kustomize
+          sudo install -m 0755 /tmp/kustomize /usr/local/bin/kustomize
+          kustomize version
 
       - name: Determine image tag for frontend
         id: frontend_tag
@@ -537,16 +542,43 @@ jobs:
           cd infra/apps/overlays/dev
           kustomize edit set image ghcr.io/cartsnitch/auth=git.farh.net/cartsnitch/auth:${{ steps.auth_tag.outputs.tag }}
 
-      - name: Commit and push to infra
+      - name: Commit and push to infra (via PR)
+        env:
+          CI_GITEA_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.CI_GITEA_TOKEN }}
         run: |
           cd infra
           git config user.name "cartsnitch-ci[bot]"
           git config user.email "cartsnitch-ci[bot]@users.noreply.git.farh.net"
           git add apps/overlays/dev/kustomization.yaml
           git diff --cached --quiet && echo "No image changes to deploy" && exit 0
+          BRANCH="ci/deploy-dev-${GITHUB_SHA}"
+          git checkout -b "$BRANCH"
           git commit -m "ci(dev): update cartsnitch, receiptwitness, api, and auth images"
-          git pull --rebase origin main
-          git push origin main
+          git push origin "$BRANCH"
+          PR_BODY=$(printf 'Auto-opened by deploy-dev (CAR-1195).\n\nBuild SHA: %s' "${GITHUB_SHA}")
+          PR_JSON=$(curl -sS -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: token ${CI_GITEA_TOKEN}" \
+            -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+            -d "$(jq -n --arg head "cartsnitch:${BRANCH}" --arg base main --arg title "ci(dev): update overlay image tags (${GITHUB_SHA::12})" --arg body "$PR_BODY" '{head:$head,base:$base,title:$title,body:$body}')" \
+            "https://git.farh.net/api/v1/repos/cartsnitch/infra/pulls")
+          PR_NUM=$(echo "$PR_JSON" | jq -r '.number // empty')
+          if [ -z "$PR_NUM" ]; then
+            echo "::error::Failed to open PR against cartsnitch/infra: $PR_JSON"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          echo "Opened cartsnitch/infra PR #${PR_NUM} (head=${BRANCH})"
+          MERGE_RESP=$(curl -sS -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: token ${CI_GITEA_TOKEN}" \
+            -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+            -d '{"Do":"merge","delete_branch_after_merge":true}' \
+            "https://git.farh.net/api/v1/repos/cartsnitch/infra/pulls/${PR_NUM}/merge")
+          MERGED=$(echo "$MERGE_RESP" | jq -r '.merged // false')
+          if [ "$MERGED" != "true" ]; then
+            echo "::error::Auto-merge of cartsnitch/infra PR #${PR_NUM} failed: $MERGE_RESP"
+            echo "::error::Reassign to cs_savannah (authorized merger for cartsnitch/infra main) for backstop merge."
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          echo "PR #${PR_NUM} merged into cartsnitch/infra main"
 
   deploy-uat:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -554,7 +586,7 @@ jobs:
     if: always() && !cancelled() && github.event_name == 'push' && (github.ref == 'refs/heads/uat' || github.ref == 'refs/heads/main')
     steps:
       - name: Checkout infra repo
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@34e114876b0b11c390a56381ad16ebd13914f8d5
         with:
           repository: cartsnitch/infra
           token: ${{ secrets.CI_GITEA_TOKEN }}
@@ -565,7 +597,16 @@ jobs:
         uses: azure/setup-kubectl@v4
 
       - name: Install kustomize
-        uses: imranismail/setup-kustomize@v2
+        # imranismail/setup-kustomize@v2 calls the Gitea API to record
+        # telemetry under the "kubernetes-sigs" user, which doesn't exist
+        # on this Gitea instance. Install the binary directly instead.
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          version="5.4.3"
+          url="https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kustomize/releases/download/kustomize%2Fv${version}/kustomize_v${version}_linux_amd64.tar.gz"
+          curl -fsSL --retry 3 "$url" | tar -xz -C /tmp kustomize
+          sudo install -m 0755 /tmp/kustomize /usr/local/bin/kustomize
+          kustomize version
 
       - name: Determine image tag for frontend
         id: frontend_tag
@@ -627,13 +668,40 @@ jobs:
           cd infra/apps/overlays/uat
           kustomize edit set image ghcr.io/cartsnitch/auth=git.farh.net/cartsnitch/auth:${{ steps.auth_tag.outputs.tag }}
 
-      - name: Commit and push to infra
+      - name: Commit and push to infra (via PR)
+        env:
+          CI_GITEA_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.CI_GITEA_TOKEN }}
         run: |
           cd infra
           git config user.name "cartsnitch-ci[bot]"
           git config user.email "cartsnitch-ci[bot]@users.noreply.git.farh.net"
           git add apps/overlays/uat/kustomization.yaml
           git diff --cached --quiet && echo "No image changes to deploy" && exit 0
+          BRANCH="ci/deploy-uat-${GITHUB_SHA}"
+          git checkout -b "$BRANCH"
           git commit -m "ci(uat): update cartsnitch, receiptwitness, api, and auth images"
-          git pull --rebase origin main
-          git push origin main
+          git push origin "$BRANCH"
+          PR_BODY=$(printf 'Auto-opened by deploy-uat (CAR-1195).\n\nBuild SHA: %s' "${GITHUB_SHA}")
+          PR_JSON=$(curl -sS -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: token ${CI_GITEA_TOKEN}" \
+            -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+            -d "$(jq -n --arg head "cartsnitch:${BRANCH}" --arg base main --arg title "ci(uat): update overlay image tags (${GITHUB_SHA::12})" --arg body "$PR_BODY" '{head:$head,base:$base,title:$title,body:$body}')" \
+            "https://git.farh.net/api/v1/repos/cartsnitch/infra/pulls")
+          PR_NUM=$(echo "$PR_JSON" | jq -r '.number // empty')
+          if [ -z "$PR_NUM" ]; then
+            echo "::error::Failed to open PR against cartsnitch/infra: $PR_JSON"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          echo "Opened cartsnitch/infra PR #${PR_NUM} (head=${BRANCH})"
+          MERGE_RESP=$(curl -sS -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: token ${CI_GITEA_TOKEN}" \
+            -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+            -d '{"Do":"merge","delete_branch_after_merge":true}' \
+            "https://git.farh.net/api/v1/repos/cartsnitch/infra/pulls/${PR_NUM}/merge")
+          MERGED=$(echo "$MERGE_RESP" | jq -r '.merged // false')
+          if [ "$MERGED" != "true" ]; then
+            echo "::error::Auto-merge of cartsnitch/infra PR #${PR_NUM} failed: $MERGE_RESP"
+            echo "::error::Reassign to cs_savannah (authorized merger for cartsnitch/infra main) for backstop merge."
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          echo "PR #${PR_NUM} merged into cartsnitch/infra main"
diff --git a/common/src/cartsnitch_common/database.py b/common/src/cartsnitch_common/database.py
index 76a4f35..ec27b6c 100644
--- a/common/src/cartsnitch_common/database.py
+++ b/common/src/cartsnitch_common/database.py
@@ -1,17 +1,36 @@
 """Database engine and session factories for sync and async usage."""
 
 from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator, Generator
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from sqlalchemy import create_engine
-from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession, async_sessionmaker, create_async_engine
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncEngine, AsyncSession, async_sessionmaker, create_async_engine
 from sqlalchemy.orm import Session, sessionmaker
 
 from cartsnitch_common.config import settings
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from sqlalchemy.engine import Engine
 
-def get_async_engine(url: str | None = None):
-    """Create an async SQLAlchemy engine."""
-    return create_async_engine(url or settings.database_url, echo=settings.debug)
+# Module-level async engine cache — one engine per unique URL, shared across all callers.
+# This prevents pool exhaustion in high-throughput workers (e.g. email-worker hitting
+# DragonflyDB/Postgres repeatedly per message).  pool_size=10, max_overflow=20 gives
+# headroom for bursts while capping max connections at 30 per URL.
+_async_engine_cache: dict[str, "AsyncEngine"] = {}
+
+
+def get_async_engine(url: str | None = None) -> "AsyncEngine":
+    """Get or create a cached async engine for the given URL."""
+    target = url or settings.database_url
+    if target not in _async_engine_cache:
+        _async_engine_cache[target] = create_async_engine(
+            target,
+            echo=settings.debug,
+            pool_size=10,
+            max_overflow=20,
+            pool_pre_ping=True,
+        )
+    return _async_engine_cache[target]
 
 
 def get_sync_engine(url: str | None = None):
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index c0a67c2..0464efb 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
         "typescript-eslint": "^8.56.1",
         "vite": "^6.4.2",
         "vite-plugin-pwa": "^0.21.2",
-        "vitest": "^3.2.4"
+        "vitest": "^4.1.8"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@adobe/css-tools": {
@@ -85,13 +85,13 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@babel/code-frame": {
-      "version": "7.29.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/code-frame/-/code-frame-7.29.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-9NhCeYjq9+3uxgdtp20LSiJXJvN0FeCtNGpJxuMFZ1Kv3cWUNb6DOhJwUvcVCzKGR66cw4njwM6hrJLqgOwbcw==",
+      "version": "7.29.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/code-frame/-/code-frame-7.29.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Aup7aUOfpbAUg2ROOJN6Iw5f9DMBlzu0mIkm/malLQFN/YQgO48wCj0Kxa3sEHJvPVFg7siR+qRInwXd2qhQKw==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@babel/helper-validator-identifier": "^7.28.5",
+        "@babel/helper-validator-identifier": "^7.29.7",
         "js-tokens": "^4.0.0",
         "picocolors": "^1.1.1"
       },
@@ -141,14 +141,14 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@babel/generator": {
-      "version": "7.29.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/generator/-/generator-7.29.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-qsaF+9Qcm2Qv8SRIMMscAvG4O3lJ0F1GuMo5HR/Bp02LopNgnZBC/EkbevHFeGs4ls/oPz9v+Bsmzbkbe+0dUw==",
+      "version": "7.29.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/generator/-/generator-7.29.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-DkXD5OJQaAQIdZ1bt3UZdEnHAn9Imd3IVBdX03UFe+ony9Ojw5pzr9YVKGDY1jt+Gcn/FnGkNf8r+Vj5NOJWtQ==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@babel/parser": "^7.29.0",
-        "@babel/types": "^7.29.0",
+        "@babel/parser": "^7.29.7",
+        "@babel/types": "^7.29.7",
         "@jridgewell/gen-mapping": "^0.3.12",
         "@jridgewell/trace-mapping": "^0.3.28",
         "jsesc": "^3.0.2"
@@ -245,9 +245,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@babel/helper-globals": {
-      "version": "7.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/helper-globals/-/helper-globals-7.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-+W6cISkXFa1jXsDEdYA8HeevQT/FULhxzR99pxphltZcVaugps53THCeiWA8SguxxpSp3gKPiuYfSWopkLQ4hw==",
+      "version": "7.29.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/helper-globals/-/helper-globals-7.29.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-3nQVUAtvkKH9zahfWgw96Jc/uFOmjACE1kQz82E2lqWmHBgjzbNlsC22nuQTfahmWeQtTq5nQ/4Nnd2A1wj4zA==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "engines": {
@@ -269,29 +269,29 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@babel/helper-module-imports": {
-      "version": "7.28.6",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/helper-module-imports/-/helper-module-imports-7.28.6.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-l5XkZK7r7wa9LucGw9LwZyyCUscb4x37JWTPz7swwFE/0FMQAGpiWUZn8u9DzkSBWEcK25jmvubfpw2dnAMdbw==",
+      "version": "7.29.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/helper-module-imports/-/helper-module-imports-7.29.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-ejHwrQQYcm9xnTivShn2IDOlIzInN34AXskvq9QicvCtEzq1Vzclu/tKF8Jq1Cg8JG2GL6/EmjgsCT7lXepE3g==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@babel/traverse": "^7.28.6",
-        "@babel/types": "^7.28.6"
+        "@babel/traverse": "^7.29.7",
+        "@babel/types": "^7.29.7"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=6.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@babel/helper-module-transforms": {
-      "version": "7.28.6",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/helper-module-transforms/-/helper-module-transforms-7.28.6.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-67oXFAYr2cDLDVGLXTEABjdBJZ6drElUSI7WKp70NrpyISso3plG9SAGEF6y7zbha/wOzUByWWTJvEDVNIUGcA==",
+      "version": "7.29.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/helper-module-transforms/-/helper-module-transforms-7.29.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-UPUVSyXbOh627KiCIGQSgwWzGeBKLkaJ9PJEdrngIwMSzxLR4jS4+f1f1jb7VzBbg8nFLaYotvVPFCTqdrmTAg==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@babel/helper-module-imports": "^7.28.6",
-        "@babel/helper-validator-identifier": "^7.28.5",
-        "@babel/traverse": "^7.28.6"
+        "@babel/helper-module-imports": "^7.29.7",
+        "@babel/helper-validator-identifier": "^7.29.7",
+        "@babel/traverse": "^7.29.7"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=6.9.0"
@@ -314,9 +314,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@babel/helper-plugin-utils": {
-      "version": "7.28.6",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/helper-plugin-utils/-/helper-plugin-utils-7.28.6.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-S9gzZ/bz83GRysI7gAD4wPT/AI3uCnY+9xn+Mx/KPs2JwHJIz1W8PZkg2cqyt3RNOBM8ejcXhV6y8Og7ly/Dug==",
+      "version": "7.29.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/helper-plugin-utils/-/helper-plugin-utils-7.29.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-G7sHYigPY17oO5SYWnfD/0MTBwVR781S/JI643e/JhUYgVgWE/61SoW3NH9KWUKyKq5LVh3npif99Wkt6j86Jw==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "engines": {
@@ -374,9 +374,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@babel/helper-string-parser": {
-      "version": "7.27.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/helper-string-parser/-/helper-string-parser-7.27.1.tgz",
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@@ -9398,11 +9354,14 @@
       "license": "MIT"
     },
     "node_modules/tinyexec": {
-      "version": "0.3.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/tinyexec/-/tinyexec-0.3.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-KQQR9yN7R5+OSwaK0XQoj22pwHoTlgYqmUscPYoknOoWCWfj/5/ABTMRi69FrKU5ffPVh5QcFikpWJI/P1ocHA==",
+      "version": "1.2.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/tinyexec/-/tinyexec-1.2.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-SHf/r48b7vOrjve9PxJo3MN5v5yuyjHvdUcrQffT3WXMUfnGmHDVbC4k3sHJaJTgZCwpUplIaAo5ANtMyp3YHg==",
       "devOptional": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=18"
+      }
     },
     "node_modules/tinyglobby": {
       "version": "0.2.15",
@@ -9421,30 +9380,10 @@
         "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/SuperchupuDev"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/tinypool": {
-      "version": "1.1.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/tinypool/-/tinypool-1.1.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-Zba82s87IFq9A9XmjiX5uZA/ARWDrB03OHlq+Vw1fSdt0I+4/Kutwy8BP4Y/y/aORMo61FQ0vIb5j44vSo5Pkg==",
-      "devOptional": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.0.0 || >=20.0.0"
-      }
-    },
     "node_modules/tinyrainbow": {
-      "version": "2.0.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/tinyrainbow/-/tinyrainbow-2.0.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-op4nsTR47R6p0vMUUoYl/a+ljLFVtlfaXkLQmqfLR1qHma1h/ysYk4hEXZ880bf2CYgTskvTa/e196Vd5dDQXw==",
-      "devOptional": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=14.0.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/tinyspy": {
-      "version": "4.0.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/tinyspy/-/tinyspy-4.0.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-azl+t0z7pw/z958Gy9svOTuzqIk6xq+NSheJzn5MMWtWTFywIacg2wUlzKFGtt3cthx0r2SxMK0yzJOR0IES7Q==",
+      "version": "3.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/tinyrainbow/-/tinyrainbow-3.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Bf+ILmBgretUrdJxzXM0SgXLZ3XfiaUuOj/IKQHuTXip+05Xn+uyEYdVg0kYDipTBcLrCVyUzAPz7QmArb0mmw==",
       "devOptional": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "engines": {
@@ -9924,29 +9863,6 @@
         }
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/vite-node": {
-      "version": "3.2.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/vite-node/-/vite-node-3.2.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-EbKSKh+bh1E1IFxeO0pg1n4dvoOTt0UDiXMd/qn++r98+jPO1xtJilvXldeuQ8giIB5IkpjCgMleHMNEsGH6pg==",
-      "devOptional": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "cac": "^6.7.14",
-        "debug": "^4.4.1",
-        "es-module-lexer": "^1.7.0",
-        "pathe": "^2.0.3",
-        "vite": "^5.0.0 || ^6.0.0 || ^7.0.0-0"
-      },
-      "bin": {
-        "vite-node": "vite-node.mjs"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.0.0 || ^20.0.0 || >=22.0.0"
-      },
-      "funding": {
-        "url": "https://opencollective.com/vitest"
-      }
-    },
     "node_modules/vite-plugin-pwa": {
       "version": "0.21.2",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/vite-plugin-pwa/-/vite-plugin-pwa-0.21.2.tgz",
@@ -9993,65 +9909,79 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/vitest": {
-      "version": "3.2.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/vitest/-/vitest-3.2.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-LUCP5ev3GURDysTWiP47wRRUpLKMOfPh+yKTx3kVIEiu5KOMeqzpnYNsKyOoVrULivR8tLcks4+lga33Whn90A==",
+      "version": "4.1.8",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/vitest/-/vitest-4.1.8.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-flY6ScbCIt9HThs+C5HS7jvGOB560DJtk/Z15IQROTA6zEy49Nh8T/dofWTQL+n3vswqn87sbJNiuqw1SDp5Ig==",
       "devOptional": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@types/chai": "^5.2.2",
-        "@vitest/expect": "3.2.4",
-        "@vitest/mocker": "3.2.4",
-        "@vitest/pretty-format": "^3.2.4",
-        "@vitest/runner": "3.2.4",
-        "@vitest/snapshot": "3.2.4",
-        "@vitest/spy": "3.2.4",
-        "@vitest/utils": "3.2.4",
-        "chai": "^5.2.0",
-        "debug": "^4.4.1",
-        "expect-type": "^1.2.1",
-        "magic-string": "^0.30.17",
+        "@vitest/expect": "4.1.8",
+        "@vitest/mocker": "4.1.8",
+        "@vitest/pretty-format": "4.1.8",
+        "@vitest/runner": "4.1.8",
+        "@vitest/snapshot": "4.1.8",
+        "@vitest/spy": "4.1.8",
+        "@vitest/utils": "4.1.8",
+        "es-module-lexer": "^2.0.0",
+        "expect-type": "^1.3.0",
+        "magic-string": "^0.30.21",
+        "obug": "^2.1.1",
         "pathe": "^2.0.3",
-        "picomatch": "^4.0.2",
-        "std-env": "^3.9.0",
+        "picomatch": "^4.0.3",
+        "std-env": "^4.0.0-rc.1",
         "tinybench": "^2.9.0",
-        "tinyexec": "^0.3.2",
-        "tinyglobby": "^0.2.14",
-        "tinypool": "^1.1.1",
-        "tinyrainbow": "^2.0.0",
-        "vite": "^5.0.0 || ^6.0.0 || ^7.0.0-0",
-        "vite-node": "3.2.4",
+        "tinyexec": "^1.0.2",
+        "tinyglobby": "^0.2.15",
+        "tinyrainbow": "^3.1.0",
+        "vite": "^6.0.0 || ^7.0.0 || ^8.0.0",
         "why-is-node-running": "^2.3.0"
       },
       "bin": {
         "vitest": "vitest.mjs"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.0.0 || ^20.0.0 || >=22.0.0"
+        "node": "^20.0.0 || ^22.0.0 || >=24.0.0"
       },
       "funding": {
         "url": "https://opencollective.com/vitest"
       },
       "peerDependencies": {
         "@edge-runtime/vm": "*",
-        "@types/debug": "^4.1.12",
-        "@types/node": "^18.0.0 || ^20.0.0 || >=22.0.0",
-        "@vitest/browser": "3.2.4",
-        "@vitest/ui": "3.2.4",
+        "@opentelemetry/api": "^1.9.0",
+        "@types/node": "^20.0.0 || ^22.0.0 || >=24.0.0",
+        "@vitest/browser-playwright": "4.1.8",
+        "@vitest/browser-preview": "4.1.8",
+        "@vitest/browser-webdriverio": "4.1.8",
+        "@vitest/coverage-istanbul": "4.1.8",
+        "@vitest/coverage-v8": "4.1.8",
+        "@vitest/ui": "4.1.8",
         "happy-dom": "*",
-        "jsdom": "*"
+        "jsdom": "*",
+        "vite": "^6.0.0 || ^7.0.0 || ^8.0.0"
       },
       "peerDependenciesMeta": {
         "@edge-runtime/vm": {
           "optional": true
         },
-        "@types/debug": {
+        "@opentelemetry/api": {
           "optional": true
         },
         "@types/node": {
           "optional": true
         },
-        "@vitest/browser": {
+        "@vitest/browser-playwright": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
+        "@vitest/browser-preview": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
+        "@vitest/browser-webdriverio": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
+        "@vitest/coverage-istanbul": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
+        "@vitest/coverage-v8": {
           "optional": true
         },
         "@vitest/ui": {
@@ -10062,33 +9992,9 @@
         },
         "jsdom": {
           "optional": true
-        }
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/vitest/node_modules/@vitest/mocker": {
-      "version": "3.2.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@vitest/mocker/-/mocker-3.2.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-46ryTE9RZO/rfDd7pEqFl7etuyzekzEhUbTW3BvmeO/BcCMEgq59BKhek3dXDWgAj4oMK6OZi+vRr1wPW6qjEQ==",
-      "devOptional": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@vitest/spy": "3.2.4",
-        "estree-walker": "^3.0.3",
-        "magic-string": "^0.30.17"
-      },
-      "funding": {
-        "url": "https://opencollective.com/vitest"
-      },
-      "peerDependencies": {
-        "msw": "^2.4.9",
-        "vite": "^5.0.0 || ^6.0.0 || ^7.0.0-0"
-      },
-      "peerDependenciesMeta": {
-        "msw": {
-          "optional": true
         },
         "vite": {
-          "optional": true
+          "optional": false
         }
       }
     },
@@ -10626,9 +10532,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/ws": {
-      "version": "8.20.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ws/-/ws-8.20.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-sAt8BhgNbzCtgGbt2OxmpuryO63ZoDk/sqaB/znQm94T4fCEsy/yV+7CdC1kJhOU9lboAEU7R3kquuycDoibVA==",
+      "version": "8.21.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ws/-/ws-8.21.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Vsp28b7DRcimFQvrqu2Wek3z1iYxDCWqHYB8Qsnk/S4RfaCQzPGPyBNuVjJV3cd6UiKtUtp6sNM77gWvzcCH+g==",
       "devOptional": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "engines": {
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index e946241..52dadb0 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -45,14 +45,16 @@
     "typescript-eslint": "^8.56.1",
     "vite": "^6.4.2",
     "vite-plugin-pwa": "^0.21.2",
-    "vitest": "^3.2.4"
+    "vitest": "^4.1.8"
   },
   "overrides": {
     "@rollup/pluginutils": "5.3.0",
     "flatted": "^3.4.2",
     "serialize-javascript": "7.0.5",
-    "brace-expansion": ">=1.1.13",
+    "brace-expansion": ">=5.0.6",
     "lodash": ">=4.17.24",
-    "minimatch": "^10.2.4"
+    "minimatch": "^10.2.4",
+    "@babel/plugin-transform-modules-systemjs": "^7.29.4",
+    "fast-uri": "^3.1.2"
   }
 }
diff --git a/receiptwitness/src/receiptwitness/queue/email.py b/receiptwitness/src/receiptwitness/queue/email.py
index c76148e..28ff456 100644
--- a/receiptwitness/src/receiptwitness/queue/email.py
+++ b/receiptwitness/src/receiptwitness/queue/email.py
@@ -16,6 +16,29 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 STREAM_KEY = "email:receipts"
 CONSUMER_GROUP = "email-workers"
 
+# Module-level Redis/DragonflyDB connection pool — shared across all worker calls.
+# Without pooling, each call to get_redis() opens a new TCP connection.  In a tight
+# consumer loop this causes ConnectionResetError when DragonflyDB's connection limit
+# is hit under load.  max_connections=30 (10 base + 20 overflow) mirrors the engine pool.
+_redis_pool: aioredis.ConnectionPool | None = None
+
+
+def _get_redis_pool() -> aioredis.ConnectionPool:
+    """Get or create the shared DragonflyDB connection pool."""
+    global _redis_pool
+    if _redis_pool is None:
+        _redis_pool = aioredis.ConnectionPool.from_url(
+            settings.redis_url,
+            decode_responses=True,
+            max_connections=30,
+        )
+    return _redis_pool
+
+
+async def get_redis() -> aioredis.Redis:
+    """Get async Redis/DragonflyDB client backed by a shared connection pool."""
+    return aioredis.Redis(connection_pool=_get_redis_pool())
+
 
 @dataclass
 class EmailJob:
@@ -31,11 +54,6 @@ class EmailJob:
     message_id: str  # from email provider, for dedup
 
 
-async def get_redis() -> aioredis.Redis:
-    """Get async Redis/DragonflyDB client."""
-    return cast(aioredis.Redis, aioredis.from_url(settings.redis_url, decode_responses=True))
-
-
 async def ensure_consumer_group(client: aioredis.Redis) -> None:
     """Create consumer group if it does not exist."""
     try: