Chris Farhood
85b6be4e36
Review of the VO2 conflict section against primary sources (verified via PubMed + search): - Rønnestad & Hansen 2016 (PMID 23942167) confirmed: 13 cyclists, 30s vs 50%/80% Tmax at 2:1 work:rest, measured time >=90% VO2peak, 30s won. Table row corrected to reflect the actual comparison. - Yang 2025 optimum ~140s is a MEDIUM rep (~2.3 min), between the poles. Section reframed from binary short-vs-long to an inverted-U with a modality/protocol-dependent peak. 'Weighted toward running' softened to match what the abstract actually supports. - Removed the overstatement 'best-controlled evidence favors short 30/15 intervals'. Added two caveats: (1) cycling short-interval superiority is largely one research group; (2) effort-matched work (total-work-matched) reportedly nulls the advantage (Seiler group; unpublished/secondary, flagged low-tier, not cited as fact). - Practical menu now defaults to medium (~2-4 min, near the pooled optimum) rather than short; short/long presented as goal-dependent options. - citations.md: added single-group caveat on Ronnestad body of work and an explicit NOT-VERIFIABLE entry for the effort-matched replication. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01TqrhBhC3GEcKyaw8RTk8G6
196 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
196 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
# Master citation list
|
||
|
||
The single source of truth for every quantitative claim in this skill. Each entry: full citation,
|
||
PMID/DOI, and a **confidence flag** from verification against PubMed / DOI resolvers.
|
||
|
||
**Confidence key:**
|
||
- ✅ **Confirmed** — PMID and/or DOI verified; title, authors, journal internally consistent.
|
||
- ⚠️ **Confirmed metadata, claim = commonly-cited/approximate** — the paper exists as cited, but the
|
||
exact number attributed to it is widely-repeated rather than verified word-for-word in the source.
|
||
- ❌ **Not found** — could not be confirmed; **do not cite as fact.**
|
||
|
||
Verified as of 2026-07-20.
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## Durability / fatigue resistance
|
||
|
||
**✅ Muriel et al. 2022** — fatigued-state power differentiates riders; fresh power does not.
|
||
Muriel X, Mateo-March M, Valenzuela PL, Zabala M, Lucia A, Pallarés JG, Barranco-Gil D. *Durability
|
||
and repeatability of professional cyclists during a Grand Tour.* Eur J Sport Sci. 2022;22(12):
|
||
1797–1804. **PMID 34586952 · DOI 10.1080/17461391.2021.1987528.**
|
||
|
||
**✅ Spragg, Leo & Swart 2023 (training characteristics)** — durability tracks accumulated
|
||
volume/load; fatigued profile varies more than fresh across a season. *This is the primary "load
|
||
dependency" cite.* Spragg J, Leo P, Swart J. *The relationship between training characteristics and
|
||
durability in professional cyclists across a competitive season.* Eur J Sport Sci. 2023;23(4):
|
||
489–498. **PMID 35239466 · DOI 10.1080/17461391.2022.2049886.**
|
||
> The crisp "reduced load maintains fresh power; sustained load maintains durability" phrasing is
|
||
> Spragg's applied *interpretation* of this data — attribute as commentary, not a quoted result.
|
||
|
||
**✅ Spragg, Leo & Swart 2023 (physiological characteristics)** — physiological correlates of
|
||
durability (higher VO2max, gross efficiency, fat oxidation). Spragg J, Leo P, Swart J. *The
|
||
Relationship between Physiological Characteristics and Durability in Male Professional Cyclists.*
|
||
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2023;55(1):133–140. **PMID 35977108 · DOI 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003024.**
|
||
|
||
**✅ Maunder et al. 2021** — canonical definition of durability as a distinct profiling quality.
|
||
Maunder E, Seiler S, Mildenhall MJ, Kilding AE, Plews DJ. *The Importance of 'Durability' in the
|
||
Physiological Profiling of Endurance Athletes.* Sports Med. 2021;51(8):1619–1628.
|
||
**PMID 33886100 · DOI 10.1007/s40279-021-01459-0.**
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## MTB / XCO demands
|
||
|
||
**✅ Hays et al. 2018** — XCO demand profile (~25% time above MAP; hard start); HR/power/VO2
|
||
dissociation (VO2 high on descents, %VO2max uncorrelated with %HRmax/%MAP). Hays A, Devys S, Bertin
|
||
D, Marquet LA, Brisswalter J. *Understanding the Physiological Requirements of the Mountain Bike
|
||
Cross-Country Olympic Race Format.* Front Physiol. 2018;9:1062.
|
||
**PMID 30158873 · DOI 10.3389/fphys.2018.01062.**
|
||
|
||
**✅ Prinz et al. 2021** — corroborating hard-number demand data (~30% top zone; 334 efforts ~4.3 s
|
||
at ~135% MAP). Prinz B, et al. *(power-profile / demands of XCO)* Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2021.
|
||
**PMID 33848975 · DOI 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0758.**
|
||
|
||
**✅ Protzen et al. 2026** — systematic review: contemporary XCO shifted toward greater anaerobic
|
||
contribution while maintaining high aerobic demand; ~¼ race time above MAP. Protzen G, Inoue A,
|
||
Buzzachera CF, Doma K, Devantier-Thomas B, Herrero-Molleda A, García-López J, Boullosa D. *The
|
||
Physiology of Contemporary Olympic Cross-Country Mountain Biking: A Systematic Review.* Sports Med
|
||
Open. 2026;12:16. **PMID 41739301 · DOI 10.1186/s40798-026-00976-4.**
|
||
|
||
**✅ Impellizzeri et al. 2005** — aerobic predictors of XCO (mass-normalized threshold power/VO2).
|
||
*Frame r ≈ 0.6–0.9 as "across studies"; the elite-cohort raw VO2max did not separate riders.*
|
||
Impellizzeri FM, Marcora SM, Rampinini E, Mognoni P, Sassi A. *Correlations between physiological
|
||
variables and performance in high level cross country off road cyclists.* Br J Sports Med.
|
||
2005;39(10):747–751. **PMID 16183772 · DOI 10.1136/bjsm.2004.017236.**
|
||
|
||
**✅ Inoue et al. 2012** — anaerobic power predicts XCO race time (r = −0.79, p = 0.006). Inoue A,
|
||
Sá Filho AS, Mello FCM, Santos TM. *Relationship between anaerobic cycling tests and mountain bike
|
||
cross-country performance.* J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(6):1589–1593.
|
||
**PMID 21912290 · DOI 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318234eb89.**
|
||
|
||
**✅ Sánchez-Jiménez et al. 2025** — fatigue-decline magnitudes: Top-10 ~6–10% vs lower ~15–20%.
|
||
Sánchez-Jiménez L, Javaloyes A, Peña-González I, Moya-Ramón M, Mateo-March M. *Record Power Profile
|
||
in Elite Olympic Cross-Country Mountain Bike Cyclists: Normative Values and Fatigue Effects.* Scand
|
||
J Med Sci Sports. 2025;35(11):e70170. **PMID 41285697 · DOI 10.1111/sms.70170.**
|
||
|
||
**✅ Novak et al. 2018** — marathon (4-h) MTB predictors differ from lap XCO. Novak AR, Bennett KJM,
|
||
Fransen J, Dascombe BJ. *Predictors of performance in a 4-h mountain-bike race.* J Sports Sci.
|
||
2018;36(4):462–468. **PMID 28406361 · DOI 10.1080/02640414.2017.1313999.**
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## Strength training (incl. masters)
|
||
|
||
**✅ Llanos-Lagos et al. 2026 (epub 2025)** — meta-analysis, 17 studies / 262 cyclists: heavy
|
||
strength improves efficiency, anaerobic power, TT performance; **no VO2max effect**. Llanos-Lagos C,
|
||
Ramírez-Campillo R, Sáez de Villarreal E. *Heavy strength training effects on physiological
|
||
determinants of endurance cyclist performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis.* Eur J Appl
|
||
Physiol. 2026;126(1):193–222. **PMID 40632222 · DOI 10.1007/s00421-025-05883-2.** *(Certainty of
|
||
evidence noted as low by the authors.)*
|
||
|
||
**✅ Cadore et al. 2013 (epub 2012)** — strength-first sequencing yields greater strength gains in
|
||
the elderly (~35% vs ~22%). Cadore EL, Izquierdo M, Pinto SS, et al. *Neuromuscular adaptations to
|
||
concurrent training in the elderly: effects of intrasession exercise sequence.* Age (Dordr).
|
||
2013;35(3):891–903. **PMID 22453934 · DOI 10.1007/s11357-012-9405-y.** *(This is the "Cadore 2012"
|
||
sequencing cite.)*
|
||
|
||
**✅ Cadore & Izquierdo 2013** — interference manageable/muted in older adults except at high
|
||
volume/frequency. Cadore EL, Izquierdo M. *How to simultaneously optimize muscle strength, power,
|
||
functional capacity, and cardiovascular gains in the elderly: an update.* Age (Dordr).
|
||
2013;35(6):2329–2344. **PMID 23288690 · DOI 10.1007/s11357-012-9503-x.**
|
||
|
||
**⚠️ English & Paddon-Jones 2010** — commonly cited origin of "~8% muscle loss/decade after 40."
|
||
*Exact figure not verified in abstract; treat as commonly-cited/approximate.* English KL, Paddon-
|
||
Jones D. *Protecting muscle mass and function in older adults during bed rest.* Curr Opin Clin Nutr
|
||
Metab Care. 2010;13(1):34–39. **PMID 19898232 · DOI 10.1097/MCO.0b013e328333aa66.**
|
||
|
||
**✅ Volpi, Nazemi & Fujita 2004** — sarcopenia mechanisms; resistance/aerobic training as
|
||
countermeasure (fiber-type-fastest specifics not verbatim-confirmed). Volpi E, Nazemi R, Fujita S.
|
||
*Muscle tissue changes with aging.* Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2004;7(4):405–410.
|
||
**PMID 15192443 · DOI 10.1097/01.mco.0000134362.76653.b2.**
|
||
|
||
**✅ Cruz-Jentoft et al. 2019 (EWGSOP2)** — consensus: sarcopenia centers on muscle strength;
|
||
resistance training recommended. *Strongest confirmed cite for "loaded resistance is the primary
|
||
countermeasure."* Cruz-Jentoft AJ, et al. *Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and
|
||
diagnosis.* Age Ageing. 2019;48(1):16–31. **PMID 30312372 · DOI 10.1093/ageing/afy169.**
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## VO2max intervals
|
||
|
||
**✅ Yang, Wang & Guan 2025** — network meta-analysis, 51 studies / 1,261 athletes: inverted-U
|
||
dose-response; optimum ~140 s work, work:rest ~0.85. *Weighted toward running-based HIIT.* Yang Q,
|
||
Wang J, Guan D. *Comparison of different interval training methods on athletes' oxygen uptake: a
|
||
systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analysis.* BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil.
|
||
2025;17(1):156. **PMID 40605061 · DOI 10.1186/s13102-025-01191-6.**
|
||
|
||
**✅ Fleckenstein, Braunstein & Walter 2025** — *running*: long (3-min) intervals accumulate more
|
||
time >90% VO2max than intensified 30-s intervals. Fleckenstein D, Braunstein H, Walter N. *Faster
|
||
intervals, faster recoveries — intensified short VO2max running intervals are inferior to
|
||
traditional long intervals in terms of time spent above 90% VO2max.* Front Sports Act Living.
|
||
2025;6:1507957. **PMID 39835194 · DOI 10.3389/fspor.2024.1507957.**
|
||
|
||
**✅ Rønnestad & Hansen 2016** — *cycling, opposite result*: 30-s intervals induced more time ≥90%
|
||
VO2peak than longer intervals. Rønnestad BR, Hansen J. *Optimizing Interval Training at Power Output
|
||
Associated With Peak Oxygen Uptake in Well-Trained Cyclists.* J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30(4):
|
||
999–1006. **PMID 23942167 · DOI 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a73e8a.** *(Often mis-cited as 2013 = epub.)*
|
||
|
||
**✅ Rønnestad et al. 2020** — *cycling*: short (30/15 s) beat effort-matched long (5-min) intervals
|
||
over 3 weeks (+4.7% 20-min power) in elite cyclists. Rønnestad BR, Hansen J, Nygaard H, Lundby C.
|
||
*Superior performance improvements in elite cyclists following short-interval vs effort-matched
|
||
long-interval training.* Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(5):849–857.
|
||
**PMID 31977120 · DOI 10.1111/sms.13627.**
|
||
|
||
**✅ Almquist et al. 2020** — effort-matched acute systemic/muscular responses favor short intervals.
|
||
Almquist NW, Nygaard H, Vegge G, Hammarström D, Ellefsen S, Rønnestad BR. *Systemic and muscular
|
||
responses to effort-matched short intervals and long intervals in elite cyclists.* Scand J Med Sci
|
||
Sports. 2020;30(7):1140–1150. **PMID 32267032 · DOI 10.1111/sms.13672.**
|
||
|
||
**✅ Rønnestad et al. 2021** — microcycle shock-block: short intervals → superior adaptations.
|
||
Rønnestad BR, Øfsteng SJ, Zambolin F, Raastad T, Hammarström D. *Superior Physiological Adaptations
|
||
After a Microcycle of Short Intervals Versus Long Intervals in Cyclists.* Int J Sports Physiol
|
||
Perform. 2021;16(10):1432–1438. **PMID 33735833 · DOI 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0647.**
|
||
|
||
> **Caveat on the cycling short-interval body of work (Rønnestad 2016/2020/2021 + Almquist 2020):**
|
||
> the short-interval superiority comes chiefly from a **single research group**, and its adaptation
|
||
> claims are challenged by effort-matched work: when **total work duration** is matched, the
|
||
> advantage reportedly disappears (attributed to a Seiler-group study — **unpublished /
|
||
> secondary-source, low evidence tier, not cited as fact**). Present short-interval superiority as a
|
||
> *lab-consistent but not independently settled* finding, not a cycling consensus. See
|
||
> `vo2max-intervals.md`.
|
||
|
||
**❌ "Effort-matched cycling replication, no difference" (Seiler group)** — **NOT VERIFIABLE as a
|
||
primary source.** Referenced only via secondary/coaching sources as an unpublished master's thesis
|
||
(~30 cyclists, VO2max ~64, total-work-matched, no short-vs-long difference). Used only to *temper*
|
||
overconfidence in the short-interval side; **do not cite as established evidence.**
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## Distribution / periodization philosophy
|
||
|
||
**✅ Seiler 2024** — "long game, not epic workouts"; HIIT is not an acute-maximization problem;
|
||
polarized training as a context-dependent principle. Peer-reviewed Perspective (open access). Seiler
|
||
S. *It's about the long game, not epic workouts: unpacking HIIT for endurance athletes.* Appl
|
||
Physiol Nutr Metab. 2024;49(11):1585–1599. **PMID 39079169 · DOI 10.1139/apnm-2024-0012.**
|
||
|
||
**✅ Sun, Yu et al. 2025** — review of training-intensity-distribution models: **no single model
|
||
universally superior**; adapt to sport/phase/athlete. *(Use for the "distribution is context-
|
||
dependent" point — it does NOT claim frequency > distribution.)* Sun Q, Yu Y, Cui J, Lin S, Wang X,
|
||
Zhou T. *Recent advances in training intensity distribution theory for cyclic endurance sports.*
|
||
Front Physiol. 2025;16:1657892. **PMID 41169886 · DOI 10.3389/fphys.2025.1657892.**
|
||
|
||
**❌ "Yu et al. 2025" (frequency > distribution)** — **NOT FOUND.** No PubMed paper with Yu as first
|
||
author making this specific claim could be located. **Do not cite.** The nearest real paper
|
||
(Sun/Yu 2025, above) does not support "frequency outweighs distribution." Ground the frequency point
|
||
in Seiler 2024 instead, and label it a heuristic, not a quantified finding.
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## Notes on verification method
|
||
|
||
All ✅ identifiers were read from PubMed record pages and cross-checked against DOI resolvers by
|
||
independent verification agents on 2026-07-20. Where a claim's *number* is widely repeated but not
|
||
verbatim in the source abstract, it is marked ⚠️ and the reference docs say so inline. No identifier
|
||
in this list was fabricated; the one unlocatable citation is explicitly marked ❌.
|